Vasculogenic Mimicry Occurs at Low Levels in Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tissue Samples
2.2. Immunohistochemistry
2.3. Tumour Vessel Quantification
2.4. PSMA Quantification
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Vasculogenic Mimicry Is Present in Recurrent Glioblastoma
3.3. Endothelial Vessel Density Decreases at Recurrence, While VM Density Does Not Change
3.4. Presence of VM at Recurrence Is Associated with Shorter Post-Progression Survival
3.5. Expression of PSMA Decreases at Recurrence
3.6. Lower PSMA Expression at Recurrence Is Associated with Shorter Post-Progression Survival
3.7. Relationships between Abnormal Vasculature and Clinical Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Endothelial Vessel Density, Primary | Endothelial Vessel Density, Recurrent | VM Vessel Density, Primary | VM Vessel Density, Recurrent | Mosaic Vessel Density, Primary |
Mosaic Vessel Density, Recurrent |
Total Vessel Density, Primary |
Total Vessel Density, Recurrent | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endothelial Vessel Density, Primary | τb | − | |||||||
p-value | − | ||||||||
Endothelial Vessel Density, Recurrent | τb | 0.135 | − | ||||||
p-value | 0.256 | − | |||||||
VM Vessel Density, Primary | τb | 0.006 | 0.100 | − | |||||
p-value | 0.962 | 0.447 | − | ||||||
VM Vessel Density, Recurrent | τb | 0.024 | −0.273 * | −0.009 | − | ||||
p-value | 0.858 | 0.043 | 0.952 | − | |||||
Mosaic Vessel Density, Primary | τb | −0.029 | −0.017 | 0.401 ** | 0.082 | − | |||
p-value | 0.808 | 0.886 | 0.003 | 0.553 | − | ||||
Mosaic Vessel Density, Recurrent | τb | 0.028 | −0.095 | 0.163 | 0.483 ** | 0.257 * | − | ||
p-value | 0.819 | 0.439 | 0.231 | <0.001 | 0.041 | − | |||
Total Vessel Density, Primary | τb | 0.974 ** | 0.147 | 0.033 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.016 | − | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.216 | 0.800 | 0.929 | 1.000 | 0.897 | − | ||
Total Vessel Density, Recurrent | τb | 0.133 | 0.908 ** | 0.131 | −0.189 | 0.019 | 0.005 | 0.145 | − |
p-value | 0.262 | <0.001 | 0.318 | 0.162 | 0.875 | 0.966 | 0.222 | − |
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Maddison, K.; Faulkner, S.; Graves, M.C.; Fay, M.; Bowden, N.A.; Tooney, P.A. Vasculogenic Mimicry Occurs at Low Levels in Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma. Cancers 2023, 15, 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153922
Maddison K, Faulkner S, Graves MC, Fay M, Bowden NA, Tooney PA. Vasculogenic Mimicry Occurs at Low Levels in Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma. Cancers. 2023; 15(15):3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153922
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaddison, Kelsey, Sam Faulkner, Moira C. Graves, Michael Fay, Nikola A. Bowden, and Paul A. Tooney. 2023. "Vasculogenic Mimicry Occurs at Low Levels in Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma" Cancers 15, no. 15: 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153922