Exploring the Potential Role of Upper Abdominal Peritonectomy in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Cytoreductive Surgery Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence
by
, , , ,
Alexandros Laios
1,*,†
,
Evangelos Kalampokis
2,3,†
,
Marios Evangelos Mamalis
2,
Amudha Thangavelu
1,
Richard Hutson
1,
Tim Broadhead
1,
David Nugent
1 and
Diederick De Jong
1 1
Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
2
Information Systems Lab, Department of Business Administration, University of Macedonia, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
3
Center for Research & Technology HELLAS (CERTH), 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cancers 2023, 15(22), 5386; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15225386
Submission received: 17 September 2023
/
Revised: 2 November 2023
/
Accepted: 7 November 2023
/
Published: 13 November 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management and Prognosis of Gynecological Cancer)
Simple Summary
The Surgical Complexity Score (SCS) has been widely used to reflect the surgical effort during advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cytoreduction. However, not all surgical procedures are described by this score. Using artificial intelligence, we developed and explained an algorithm that weighted the importance of all surgical procedures for the prediction of complete cytoreduction (CC0). We identified upper abdominal peritonectomy (UAP) as the most salient procedural predictor of CC0, followed by pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection and ileocecal resection/right hemicolectomy. The UAP was predictive of poorer progression-free survival but not overall survival. The SCS did not impact survival. We advocate thorough early inspection of the upper abdominal quadrants to ensure that CC0 is achievable.
Abstract
The Surgical Complexity Score (SCS) has been widely used to describe the surgical effort during advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cytoreduction. Referring to a variety of multi-visceral resections, it best combines the numbers with the complexity of the sub-procedures. Nevertheless, not all potential surgical procedures are described by this score. Lately, the European Society for Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO) has established standard outcome quality indicators pertinent to achieving complete cytoreduction (CC0). There is a need to define what weight all these surgical sub-procedures comprising CC0 would be given. Prospectively collected data from 560 surgically cytoreduced advanced stage EOC patients were analysed at a UK tertiary referral centre.We adapted the structured ESGO ovarian cancer report template. We employed the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to model a long list of surgical sub-procedures. We applied the Shapley Additive explanations (SHAP) framework to provide global (cohort) explainability. We used Cox regression for survival analysis and constructed Kaplan-Meier curves. The XGBoost model predicted CC0 with an acceptable accuracy (area under curve [AUC] = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.63–0.76). Visual quantification of the feature importance for the prediction of CC0 identified upper abdominal peritonectomy (UAP) as the most important feature, followed by regional lymphadenectomies. The UAP best correlated with bladder peritonectomy and diaphragmatic stripping (Pearson’s correlations > 0.5). Clear inflection points were shown by pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection and ileocecal resection/right hemicolectomy, which increased the probability for CC0. When UAP was solely added to a composite model comprising of engineered features, it substantially enhanced its predictive value (AUC = 0.80, CI = 0.75–0.84). The UAP was predictive of poorer progression-free survival (HR = 1.76, CI 1.14–2.70, P: 0.01) but not overall survival (HR = 1.06, CI 0.56–1.99, P: 0.86). The SCS did not have significant survival impact. Machine Learning allows for operational feature selection by weighting the relative importance of those surgical sub-procedures that appear to be more predictive of CC0. Our study identifies UAP as the most important procedural predictor of CC0 in surgically cytoreduced advanced-stage EOC women. The classification model presented here can potentially be trained with a larger number of samples to generate a robust digital surgical reference in high output tertiary centres. The upper abdominal quadrants should be thoroughly inspected to ensure that CC0 is achievable.
