Correlation of Immunomodulatory Cytokines with Tumor Volume and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Ethics, and Tumor Volumetry
2.2. Nerve Samples, DNA Extraction, and Genotyping
2.3. CSF Samples
2.4. RNA Extraction from Tumors and Corresponding Nerve Samples and Reverse Transcription into cDNA
2.5. RNAseq Analysis of Tumor and Corresponding Nerve Samples
2.6. Isolation of Primary Cultures from Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator Filter-Obtained Tissue
2.7. Immunofluorescence Staining
2.8. Obtaining Cell Culture Supernatants from Primary Cultures and RNA Isolation from Primary Cells
2.9. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.10. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytokine mRNA Analyzed by qPCR Correlates Positively with Tumor Volume and Macrophage Markers but Not with Tumor Growth Rate
3.1.1. Correlation Analysis of Investigated Markers with Tumor Volume in Tumor Samples from 144 VS Patients
3.1.2. Increased CCL18 and IRF4 mRNA Levels in VSs with Large Tumor Size
3.2. Differences in RNA Transcription Levels Investigated Using RNAseq between 10 VS Tumors and the Corresponding Vestibular Nerves
3.3. TGFB1 and GDF15 Concentration in CCS Correlates Positively with Tumor Volume
3.3.1. Concentrations of the Investigated Cytokines in CCS of VS Primary Cultures
3.3.2. Correlation Analysis of Cytokine mRNA Levels and Secretion in VS Primary Cultures
3.4. Distinct Cytokine Concentrations in CSF of VS Patients Compared to Control Group
3.4.1. Concentration of Cytokines in CSF of VS Patients Compared to Control Group
3.4.2. Decreased CCL5 and TGFB1 CSF Concentration with Increasing Tumor Volume of VS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Becker, A.-L.; Scholle, L.; Klause, C.H.; Staege, M.S.; Strauss, C.; Otto, M.; Rampp, S.; Scheller, C.; Leisz, S. Correlation of Immunomodulatory Cytokines with Tumor Volume and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients. Cancers 2024, 16, 3002. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16173002
Becker A-L, Scholle L, Klause CH, Staege MS, Strauss C, Otto M, Rampp S, Scheller C, Leisz S. Correlation of Immunomodulatory Cytokines with Tumor Volume and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients. Cancers. 2024; 16(17):3002. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16173002
Chicago/Turabian StyleBecker, Anna-Louisa, Leila Scholle, Clara Helene Klause, Martin Sebastian Staege, Christian Strauss, Markus Otto, Stefan Rampp, Christian Scheller, and Sandra Leisz. 2024. "Correlation of Immunomodulatory Cytokines with Tumor Volume and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Vestibular Schwannoma Patients" Cancers 16, no. 17: 3002. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16173002