Inflammation-Associated Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Their Utility as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Stem Cells in the Development of the Gut
3. Signaling Pathway in Stem Cell Regulation
4. GI Damage and Its Repair by Stem Cells
5. Inflammation, Stem Cells, Cancer Initiation, and Progression
6. CSC-Mediated Drug Resistance in Gastrointestinal Cancer
7. Stem Cell-Based Prognostic Marker for GICs
8. Cancer Stem Cell-Based Targeted Therapies and Clinical Trials
Clinical Trials
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cancer Type | Chemotherapy | Pathway Involved in Resistance | Molecules Involved in Resistance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Colorectal Cancer | Doxorubicin | NF-kB | IL8, ABCB1 | [151] |
Colorectal Cancer | Doxorubicin | - | FOXO3, MDR1 | [151] |
Colorectal Cancer | Vincristine, 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin | NF-kB | Siva 1, MDR1, MRP1 | [152,153] |
Colorectal Cancer | Oxaliplatin | - | USP22, P-glycoprotein, MRP1 | [154] |
Colon Cancer | Doxorubicin | PI3K/Akt | miR-29a, P-gp, PTEN | [155] |
Colorectal Cancer | 5-Fluorouracil | - | miR-20b-5p, SDC2 | [156] |
Colorectal Cancer | Oxaliplatin | Wnt/β-catenin | miR-506, MDR/P-gp | [157] |
Gastric Cancer | Vincristine | - | miR-200c, ABCB1 (P-gp) | [158] |
Surface CD Marker | ||||
Gastric CSCs | Reference | CRC CSCs | Reference | |
CD24 | + | [162] | - | |
CD44 | + | [159] | + | [193] |
CD90 | + | [159] | - | |
CD133 | + | [194] | + | [193] |
CD166 | + | [195] | - | |
Other Surface Biomarker | ||||
EpCAM | + | [162] | + | [169] |
LGR5 | + | + | ||
Intracellular Markers | ||||
Nanog | + | - | ||
Oct-3/4 | - | - | ||
SOX2 | + | [183] | - | |
Sall4 | - | + | [187] | |
AFP | - | - |
Surface CD Biomarkers | ||||
Gastric CSCs | Reference | CRC CSCs | Reference | |
CD24 | + | [162] | - | |
CD44 | + | [165,179] | + | [196] |
CD54 | + | [180] | - | |
CD90 | - | - | ||
CD133 | + | [180] | + | [163] |
CD166 | + | [164] | - | |
Other Surface Biomarkers | ||||
CXCR4 | + | [164] | - | |
EpCAM | + | [197] | - | |
LINGO2 | + | [170] | - | |
MUC13 | - | + | [129] | |
DOTIL | + | [134] | ||
AQP5 | + | [198] | ||
Intracellular Markers | ||||
ALDH | + | [165,166,167] | + | [168] |
TRIB3 | - | + | ||
Letm1 | + | [171] | + | [171] |
Mushashi2 | + | [173] | - | |
Nanog | + | [174,175] | + | [178] |
Oct-3/4 | + | [180] | + | [182] |
SOX2, SOX9 | + | [16,174,175] | + | [186] |
Sall4 | - | + | [187] | |
MUC13 | - | - | + | [129] |
TAGLN | - | + | [114,115] |
Cancer Type | Inhibitor Reported | Targeted Pathway | Reported Outcomes | Clinical Trial Identifier |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gastric Cancer/Gastroesophageal Cancer | DKN-01, Tislelizumab | Wnt | Currently recruiting, outcomes not reported | NCT04363801 |
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer | WNT974, LGX818, Cetuximab | Wnt | Completed | NCT02278133 |
Metastatic Colon Cancer | Vismodegib | Hedgehog | PFS: 9.3 months (Vismodegib), 10.1 months (Placebo) | NCT00636610 |
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer | RO4929097 (Gamma-secretase inhibitor) | Notch | No benefit | NCT01116687 |
Colorectal Cancer | CB-103 | Notch | PFS: 21.7 months | NCT03422679 |
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Kumari, B.; Tiwari, A.; Meena, S.; Ahirwar, D.K. Inflammation-Associated Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Their Utility as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers 2024, 16, 3134. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183134
Kumari B, Tiwari A, Meena S, Ahirwar DK. Inflammation-Associated Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Their Utility as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers. 2024; 16(18):3134. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183134
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumari, Beauty, Aniket Tiwari, Sakshi Meena, and Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar. 2024. "Inflammation-Associated Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Their Utility as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets" Cancers 16, no. 18: 3134. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183134