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Open AccessReview
Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Therapy of Oral Cancer—Update Review
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183156 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 August 2024
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Revised: 5 September 2024
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Accepted: 11 September 2024
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Published: 14 September 2024
Simple Summary
Cancers of the lip and oral cavity are common cancers worldwide. Up to 46% of oral cancers are preventable if risk factors are avoided and if precancerous lesions are detected at an early stage. To reduce the incidence of oral cancer and its mortality rate, there is ongoing research studying new diagnostic and treatment methods. This review aims to present a novel glance at oral cancer—its current classification and epidemiology—and will provide new insights into the development of new diagnostic methods and therapies of oral cancer.
Abstract
Oral cavity and lip cancers are the 16th most common cancer in the world. It is widely known that a lack of public knowledge about precancerous lesions, oral cancer symptoms, and risk factors leads to diagnostic delay and therefore a lower survival rate. Risk factors, which include drinking alcohol, smoking, HPV infection, a pro-inflammatory factor-rich diet, and poor oral hygiene, must be known and avoided by the general population. Regular clinical oral examinations should be enriched in an oral cancer search protocol for the most common symptoms, which are summarized in this review. Moreover, new diagnostic methods, some of which are already available (vital tissue staining, optical imaging, oral cytology, salivary biomarkers, artificial intelligence, colposcopy, and spectroscopy), and newly researched techniques increase the likelihood of stopping the pathological process at a precancerous stage. Well-established oral cancer treatments (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy) are continuously being developed using novel technologies, increasing their success rate. Additionally, new techniques are being researched. This review presents a novel glance at oral cancer—its current classification and epidemiology—and will provide new insights into the development of new diagnostic methods and therapies.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Kijowska, J.; Grzegorczyk, J.; Gliwa, K.; Jędras, A.; Sitarz, M.
Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Therapy of Oral Cancer—Update Review. Cancers 2024, 16, 3156.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183156
AMA Style
Kijowska J, Grzegorczyk J, Gliwa K, Jędras A, Sitarz M.
Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Therapy of Oral Cancer—Update Review. Cancers. 2024; 16(18):3156.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183156
Chicago/Turabian Style
Kijowska, Julia, Julia Grzegorczyk, Katarzyna Gliwa, Aleksandra Jędras, and Monika Sitarz.
2024. "Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Therapy of Oral Cancer—Update Review" Cancers 16, no. 18: 3156.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183156
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