Next Article in Journal
Characteristics and Management of Children with Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Single-Center Study
Previous Article in Journal
Strategies to Target Chemoradiotherapy Resistance in Small Cell Lung Cancer
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cancers
Volume 16
Issue 20
10.3390/cancers16203439
cancers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

MUC16 Retention after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

by
Kathryn M. Muilenburg
1,2,
Evie G. Ehrhorn
2,3,
Madeline T. Olson
2,3,
Carly C. Isder
1,2,
Kelsey A. Klute
2,4,
Geoffrey A. Talmon
2,5,
Mark A. Carlson
2,6,
Quan P. Ly
2,6 and
Aaron M. Mohs
1,2,7,*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 505 S 45 St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
2
Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 505 S 45 St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
3
Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 505 S 45 St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
4
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
5
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
6
Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983280 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
7
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, S 45th St, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2024, 16(20), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16203439
Submission received: 20 August 2024 / Revised: 27 September 2024 / Accepted: 3 October 2024 / Published: 10 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Cancer Treatments through Fluorescence-Guided Surgery)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has risen in clinical use for the treatment of pancreatic cancer over the past few decades. Many patients now undergo prior treatment before surgical resection to aid in downstaging the tumor for a potentially improved surgical outcome. Potential targeted therapies such as fluorescence-guided surgery often rely on the upregulated protein expression in the tumor. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of neoadjuvant therapy on tumor protein expression, as protein expression may be altered by chemotherapy treatment. The aim of our study was to evaluate the expression of Mucin 16 (MUC16) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue. This study found that MUC16 expression was retained in the tumor following neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment regimens. These findings may have a broad impact on the delivery of MUC16-targeted therapies before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis. Currently, surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment. Unfortunately, less than 20% of PDAC patients are eligible for surgical resection at diagnosis. In the past few decades, neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (NCT) has been investigated as a way to downstage PDAC tumors for surgical resection. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is a technique that can aid in increasing complete resection rates by enhancing the tumor through passive or active targeting of a contrast agent. In active targeting, a probe (e.g., antibody) binds a protein differentially upregulated in the tumor compared to normal tissue. Mucin 16 (MUC16), a transmembrane glycoprotein, has recently been explored as an FGS target in preclinical tumor models. However, the impact of chemotherapy on MUC16 expression is unknown. Methods: To investigate this issue, immunohistochemistry was performed on PDAC patient samples. Results: We found that MUC16 expression was retained after NCT in patient samples (mean expression = 5.7) with minimal change in expression between the matched diagnostic (mean expression = 3.66) and PDAC NCT patient samples (mean expression = 4.5). Conclusions: This study suggests that MUC16 is a promising target for FGS and other targeted therapies in PDAC patients treated with NCT.

1. Introduction

Pancreatic cancer is expected to be the 2nd most lethal cancer by 2030 [1]. The current standard of care for pancreatic cancer consists of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and, less commonly, chemoradiation therapy, depending on the tumor stage [2,3]. However, surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment for pancreatic cancer [4,5]. Surgeons aim to achieve a complete tumor resection to increase the patient’s overall survival [6]. Preoperative imaging such as PET and MRI allow a surgeon to visualize the tumor in a static environment. However, the intraoperative field is dynamic, wherein surgeons must rely on visual and tactile clues to resect the tumor [7]. Due to the lack of intraoperative imaging tools, tumor infiltration, spread to lymph nodes, high stromal content, and surgical complexity, incomplete resections occur in up to 60% of surgically resected pancreatic cancer patients within 3 years of resection, resulting in a decreased 5-year survival [8,9,10].
To improve the rate of complete resections, researchers are focusing on developing intraoperative tools like fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) to aid in surgical resection. FGS utilizes a fluorescent dye or dye conjugate (e.g., antibody) to target differentially and fluorescence a tumor compared to the surrounding normal tissue [6,11]. Currently, potential FGS applications are limited in pancreatic cancer, as less than 20% of patients are diagnosed with resectable disease; however, another 30% of PDAC patients present with borderline resectable or locally advanced disease [4,12,13]. While not eligible for resection at diagnosis, these patients may be eligible for surgery after neoadjuvant therapy if there is a sufficient reduction in tumor burden [14]. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment (NCT) is a standard pre-surgery regimen, often consisting of a FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine-based chemotherapy regimen. The clinical use of NCT has been trending up over the last two decades due to clinical research pinpointing the regimen’s ability to downstage the tumor and improve overall survival [2,4,12,14,15]. Current research has shown that neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine and capecitabine increases post-surgical survival compared to surgery alone [12].
NCT can lead to aberrant protein expression in treated tumors compared to untreated tumors [16,17]. Protein retention after chemotherapy treatment is vital for FGS and other targeted therapies, including CAR T-cell therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, nanoparticles, and follow-up chemotherapy treatment. Several proteins, such as Mucin 16 (MUC16), have been evaluated as FGS targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer [5,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. Additionally, proteins such as CEA, EGFR, VEGF-A, and integrins have been studied or are under study as targets for FGS of pancreatic cancer in clinical trials [21,25,26,27,28]. Targeted FGS has also shown promise in other tumors. Within the past 5 years, the FDA has approved pafolacianine (OTL38) for FGS in ovarian and lung cancers and LUM015 for FGS in breast cancer [29,30,31]. MUC16, a mucin family member, is a transmembrane protein upregulated in 60–80% of PDAC patients [32,33]. Specifically, MUC16 has been investigated as a target for FGS in PDAC using the MUC16-targeting antibody, AR9.6, and its humanized form, huAR9.6 [5,20]. In addition to PDAC, MUC16 upregulation is found in many other tumors [22]. As NCT becomes the standard treatment for PDAC and other cancers, it is imperative to determine if MUC16 is durably expressed and, thus, a potential FGS target candidate.
To investigate MUC16 expression after NCT in PDAC patients, we obtained samples that did (NCT) or did not receive NCT prior to surgical resection (non-NCT). We hypothesized that MUC16 expression would be unchanged in samples that received chemotherapy treatment before resection compared to samples that did not receive treatment before resection. Here, we evaluated the expression of MUC16 following NCT using banked samples from PDAC patients. Our findings indicate that MUC16 is expressed after NCT in PDAC patient specimens.

2. Methods and Materials

2.1. Ethics

All de-identified samples in this study were selected from a tissue bank at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) and from the Department of Pathology (UNMC). Written informed patient consent and UNMC Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval were obtained for all samples in the tissue bank prior to the banking of the samples. As per the United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations policy, 45 CFR 46.102(e), this study did not constitute human subjects research because the samples were not originally banked for this research, a third-party honest broker selected the samples, and no identifiable information was gathered or known by any of the co-authors. Due to Policy 45 CFR 46.102(e), specific written informed consent and IRB approval were not required for the deidentified samples obtained through a third-party individual from the tissue bank and Department of Pathology (UNMC). This research was conducted in accordance with the UNMC Institutional Review Board guidelines, the United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki.

2.2. Acquisition of Normal Pancreatic Tissue

Pancreatic cancer most commonly develops in the head of the pancreas [34]. Therefore, samples were selected from tumors derived from this pancreas region. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) normal pancreatic head patient samples (N = 10) were obtained from the Normal Organ Recovery (NORs) program, a subset of the Rapid Autopsy Program (RAP), UNMC (IRB #091-01).

2.3. Acquisition of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patient Sample Slides

FFPE PDAC specimens were obtained from the Paraffin Tissue Bank, UNMC, and the Department of Pathology, UNMC, through an honest broker. Patient specimens were obtained according to the status of NCT and surgical resection (36 NCT specimens, 17 exploratory pre-treatment biopsy or cytology (diagnostic) samples of NCT specimens, 32 non-NCT specimens, and 60 NCT and non-NCT matched adjacent specimens). The specimens were separated into four groups—NCT (N = 35), diagnostic (N = 16), non-NCT (N = 31), and matched adjacent tissue (N = 57, N = 28 for non-NCT, and N = 29 for NCT) according to the inclusion criteria. Two diagnostic specimens had two separate blocks available. Samples were received from both blocks, and each sample’s mean (M) expression was reported. For NCT samples, the standard-of-care chemotherapy regimen was defined as a FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine-based chemotherapy treatment regimen [12,13]. Any non-FFPE samples or tumor-free NCT or non-NCT tissues were excluded from the study. Any matched diagnostic sample without atypical tissue or tumor was excluded from the study. Finally, any adjacent tissue without a matched NCT or non-NCT sample was excluded from the study. Pathologic stage designations for primary tumor, lymph node, and metastatic disease were obtained for each sample and defined according to the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for pancreatic cancer [35,36,37,38]. Primary tumor designations were defined as T1: tumor less than or equal to 2 cm, T2: tumor greater than 2 cm but less than 4 cm, T3: tumor greater than 4 cm, and T4: tumor extends to and involves pancreatic vasculature and arteries. The NCT sample primary tumor designations were reclassified after chemotherapy treatment. Lymph node designations were defined as N0: no affected lymph nodes, N1: 1–3 affected regional lymph nodes, and N2: greater than 4 affected regional lymph nodes. Metastatic disease designations were defined as MX: unknown metastasis, M0: no distant metastasis, and M1: distant metastatic disease is present. All tumors were staged according to the modified 8th edition of the AJCC for pancreatic cancer [35,36,37,38].

2.4. Immunohistochemistry and Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining of Samples

All samples were stained with the OC125 (CA125) mouse monoclonal antibody (Roche Diagnostics, 760-2610, Manufacturer: Cell Marque Corporation, Rocklin, CA, USA) by the Tissue Science Facility, UNMC. The antigens were retrieved in Cell Conditioning 1 (CC1) buffer at 95 °C for 64 min. The primary antibody, OC125, was incubated at 37 °C for 24 min. The secondary antibody, Ventana OptiView horseradish peroxidase antibody (Roche Diagnostics, 760-700, Manufacturer: Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA), was incubated for 12 min. Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin.
PDAC, matched adjacent, and diagnostic samples were stained for tissue structure with hematoxylin and eosin staining by the Tissue Science Facility, UNMC. The samples were deparaffinized and rehydrated using xylenes and a gradient of ethanol and water. The hematoxylin and eosin kit, Select Hematoxylin and Reserve Eosin Multichrome (StatLab Medical Products, SL401, and SL201, McKinney, TX, USA), was used to stain the slides in the Tissue-Tek Prisma Automated Slide Stainer (Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
The IHC and H&E slides were imaged on the Olympus IX73 microscope with a DP80 camera (Evident, Olympus Life Science, Tokyo, Japan) at 20× magnification in the brightfield channel using the cellSens Dimension software version 1.18 (Evident, Olympus Life Science, Tokyo, Japan).

2.5. Sample Analysis by Pathologist

All slides were analyzed by a board-certified pathologist blinded to the tissue type and treatment status. The specimens were analyzed for the tissue type, tumor grade, fibrosis classification, and pathological response grade. The fibrosis classification was designated by the amount of fibrotic tissue in the section. The pathological response was graded on a scale of minimal to maximum response. Both the fibrosis classification and grade of pathological response were graded to the best of the pathologist’s ability according to the tissue structure on the H&E-stained slides. The extent of MUC16 expression was analyzed through stain intensity, the percentage of tumor cells stained, and the location of the stain.
MUC16 stain intensity was graded on a 0–3 scale (0, 1+, 2+, 3+) [7,32,39,40,41]. The percentage of cells stained was classified on a 0–4 scale (0—no positive cells, 1—under 25%, 2—26–50%, 3—51–75%, and 4—greater than 75%) [7,32]. The immunoreactive score (IRS) was calculated by multiplying the stain intensity by the percentage of cells stained [7,32,40,41]. The IRS scores ranged from 0–12. The assigned scoring was as follows: 0–1—no expression, 2–3—mild expression, 4–8—medium expression, and 9–12—high expression [7,40,41].

2.6. Statistical Analysis

All analyses were completed in GraphPad Prism versions 9 and 10 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Prior to the start of the study, a power analysis was performed to determine the number of samples needed for statistical significance. With an alpha of 0.5 and a power of 80%, it was determined that a range of 22 to 35 samples was needed to determine statistical significance. MUC16 expression was analyzed using a two-tailed Mann–Whitney test for unpaired samples with a non-Gaussian distribution [32,39,42]. A two-tailed Wilcoxon test for paired samples was used to analyze matched tumor and adjacent tissue samples. p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

3. Results

3.1. Patient Sample Characteristics

To investigate the impact of NCT on MUC16 expression, 66 PDAC patient samples were obtained for this study. Thirty-one (47.0%) patients were classified as non-NCT. Thirty-five (53.0%) patients received NCT. The sample characteristics can be found in Table 1.

3.2. MUC16 Expression in PDAC Patient Samples

MUC16 expression was retained in PDAC patient specimens following NCT (Figure 1a,b). NCT specimens had a statistically significant higher MUC16 expression (M = 5.71, SD (standard deviation) = 4.41) compared to the normal pancreas (M = 1.40; SD = 1.26) (p = 0.0066) and non-NCT (M = 3.60, SD = 4.15) (p = 0.0494) specimens (Figure 1a). However, there was not a statistically significant difference in MUC16 expression between the normal pancreas and non-NCT specimens (p = 0.3785). Within the NCT sample set, MUC16 was expressed in tissues treated with a FOLFIRINOX-based regimen or a gemcitabine-based regimen (Figure S1a). Additionally, 48.6% (17/35) of the NCT samples received some radiation treatment following the chemotherapy regimen. The NCT samples expressed MUC16 at a greater intensity (M = 8.11) than the samples that received neoadjuvant chemoradiation (M = 3.18) (Figure S1b). Furthermore, MUC16 expression was found in precancerous lesions of pancreatic cancer, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN), and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanIN). In the NCT group, four specimens contained IPMN tissue, with three samples staining for MUC16 expression (M = 2.75). In the non-NCT tumor specimens, varying levels of MUC16 expression were found in IPMN (N = 1; M = 2), PanIN (N = 2; M = 0.5), and pancreatitis (N = 1; M = 0) structures.
A summary of MUC16 expression characteristics and correlation in the sample population can be found in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. Representative images show the range of MUC16 expression in each group (Figure S2).

3.3. MUC16 Retention after Chemotherapy Treatment

To determine the impact of chemotherapy treatment on MUC16 expression in patient samples, MUC16 expression was compared between the matched diagnostic and NCT samples. MUC16 expression was retained after NCT in patient samples (Figure 2). Expression was comparable after chemotherapy treatment between the matched diagnostic and NCT samples (Figure 2a). MUC16 expression increased in 6 samples, decreased in 8 samples, and remained the same in 2 samples after the NCT regimen. In 4 samples, MUC16 expression was lost in the NCT sample compared to their matched diagnostic sample. However, the mean MUC16 stain intensity between the diagnostic and NCT groups was comparable (Diagnostic: M = 3.66; NCT: M = 4.5). No trend was observed in MUC16 expression after NCT in the patient samples.

3.4. MUC16 Expression in Matched Adjacent Tissue

Clear margins are needed to distinguish the tumor from surrounding normal tissue for a successful tumor resection. MUC16 expression was significantly diminished in matched adjacent samples compared to the NCT or non-NCT matched samples (p = 0.0002) (Figure 3a). In matched adjacent samples with only benign or benign and precancerous tissue, expression decreased in 22 samples (61.1%) (NCT and non-NCT: M = 6.39; matched adjacent: M = 0.5), increased in 3 samples (8.3%) (NCT and non-NCT: M = 1; matched adjacent: M = 6.3), and stayed the same in 11 samples (30.6%) (M = 0) compared to the matched NCT or non-NCT sample. In all, 31 matched adjacent tissues showed a decrease in MUC16 expression (54.4%) (NCT and non-NCT: M = 7.02; matched adjacent: M = 1), and 10 increased in MUC16 expression (17.5%) (NCT and non-NCT: M = 1.5; matched adjacent: M = 5.3) compared to the matched NCT or non-NCT primary tumor tissue. Sixteen adjacent tissues had the same MUC16 expression intensity as their matched NCT or non-NCT tissue (28.1%) (M = 1.25). Out of these 16 samples, 13 had no MUC16 expression (11 benign and 2 cancerous), while 3 expressed MUC16 (2 tumors and 1 tumor and benign tissue). In the NCT specimens, there was a statistically significant change in MUC16 expression between the NCT tissues and the matched adjacent tissues (p = 0.0003) (Figure 3b). A total of 17 (58.6%) adjacent samples matched with NCT samples weakly expressed MUC16 (NCT: M = 8.24; matched adjacent: M = 0.88), 8 had the same MUC16 expression (27.6%) (M = 1), and 4 had an increased MUC16 expression (13.8%) (NCT: M = 2; matched adjacent: M = 4.5). In only benign or benign and precancerous tissue, 12 samples decreased in MUC16 expression (63.16%), 1 sample had increased MUC16 expression (5.26%), and 6 samples had the same MUC16 expression (31.58%) compared to the matched NCT tissue. There was not a statistically significant difference in MUC16 expression between the non-NCT samples and matched adjacent tissue (p = 0.1446) (Figure 3c). Fourteen non-NCT matched adjacent samples decreased in MUC16 expression (50%) (non-NCT: M = 5.54; matched adjacent: M = 1.14), 6 increased in MUC16 expression (21.4%) (non-NCT: M = 1.17; matched adjacent: M = 5.83), and 8 had the same MUC16 expression (28.6%) (M = 1.5). Furthermore, in matched adjacent samples with only benign for benign and precancerous tissue, 10 samples decreased in MUC16 expression (58.8%), 2 samples increased in MUC16 expression (11.8%), and 5 samples had the same MUC16 expression (29.4%). Of note, positive lymph node status in the patient was associated with tumor present in the matched adjacent tissues (Supplementary Table S3). Representative images showing the differing expression patterns in NCT or non-NCT specimens and the matched adjacent tissues can be found in Figure 3d.

4. Discussion

Previous studies in our lab have reported targeting MUC16 in PDAC preclinical models using an NIR-fluorescent antibody–dye conjugate [5,20]. Therefore, we investigated MUC16 expression after NCT in patient samples to reflect tumor heterogeneity and clinical treatments. We observed the presence of MUC16 expression in chemotherapy and chemoradiation-treated PDAC patient samples. Additionally, there was minimal change in MUC16 expression between the matched diagnostic and NCT samples. This indicates that MUC16-targeted therapies may have potential use after NCT in PDAC patients; however, a broader study will be needed to confirm these results.
One important point of consideration is the expression of MUC16 in neoadjuvant chemoradiation-treated tissues. There appears to be a trend of lower MUC16 expression in samples that underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy when compared to samples that underwent NCT. To confirm these results, it will be necessary to study the expression of MUC16 in a broader chemoradiation treatment group.
Consensus in the literature demonstrates that MUC16 is expressed in 60–80% of PDAC tissues, with minimal MUC16 expression in normal pancreatic tissues [20,32,33]. Compared to the NCT group, weaker MUC16 expression was found in the non-NCT samples. According to the IRS expression classification, only 48.4% of non-NCT samples expressed MUC16; however, some of the samples that were classified as non-expressing weakly expressed MUC16 (IRS of 0.5 or 1). Overall, 67.7% (21/31) of samples expressed MUC16 to varying degrees. Although there was not a significant difference in the expression of MUC16 between the non-NCT samples and the normal pancreas, a majority of non-NCT samples (67.7%) did express MUC16. This pattern of expression supported the established trend of MUC16 expression in PDAC tissues. The weaker expression in the non-NCT samples compared to the NCT samples may be due to heterogeneous protein expression, most likely leading to the lack of a statistically significant difference between MUC16 expression in non-NCT and normal pancreatic samples. The trend of weaker expression may also be due to the tumor stage at diagnosis. Previous research has indicated that MUC16 expression may increase as PDAC progresses [32]. Therefore, more advanced tumors may have higher MUC16 expression. Since the NCT tumors were restaged after chemotherapy, these patients most likely had a more advanced disease prior to the neoadjuvant therapy regimen compared to the non-NCT samples. Finally, the normal pancreatic tissue specimens expressed MUC16 at greater levels than expected, potentially caused by background staining. Mucin primary antibodies are known to have the potential for nonspecific background staining [43,44]. A majority of the normal pancreatic specimens weakly expressed MUC16 in the cytoplasm (85.7%), excluding the tissues that did not express MUC16. However, most non-NCT and NCT specimens displayed apical staining (NCT: 77.1%; non-NCT: 67.7%). Since most antibody binding occurred in the normal pancreatic cytoplasm, this may have been nonspecific staining. In all, the lack of significant difference between the non-NCT and normal pancreatic specimens may be due to the early tumor stage, small sample size, heterogeneous protein expression, and nonspecific staining.
In addition, the ability to detect tumor margins was investigated for future applications of FGS. In our samples, the surrounding benign or precancerous tissue matched to the NCT or non-NCT samples minimally expressed MUC16, indicating that high tumor-to-background ratios and tissue differentiation may be achievable in PDAC. However, MUC16 was still expressed in some of the matched adjacent samples. Of those matched adjacent tissues expressing MUC16, 15 out of 24 samples (62.5%) contained MUC16 expression in infiltrating tumor cells. Additionally, tumor foci were found in other matched adjacent samples (22; NCT: 10, non-NCT: 11). A majority of these tumor foci expressed MUC16, showing the potential ability to detect these residual tumor sections using intraoperative tools (NCT: 8/10; non-NCT: 8/11). While pancreatic cancer has a high desmoplastic nature, previous research has shown the ability of antibody–dye conjugates to target the tumor in clinical trials [21,25,45]. Therefore, an FGS conjugate may be able to target those infiltrating tumor cells to increase the possibility of a complete resection. In addition to tumor foci, some benign ducts and ampulla regions expressed MUC16 in the matched adjacent tissue (NCT: 13.3%, M = 2.75; non-NCT: 17.9%, M = 3.8). Finally, minimal precancerous lesions were present in the matched adjacent tissue sections. The NCT adjacent tissue samples had three samples with PanIN structure, but only one was positive for MUC16 expression. Likewise, the non-NCT matched adjacent samples had five samples with PanIN tissue, with one moderately expressing MUC16.
One potential limitation of this study is the sample size. In the future, a large-scale study of MUC16 expression after NCT and chemoradiation in PDAC patients will be needed to confirm these results. Another potential limitation is the inclusion criteria for the NCT samples. Since these samples were from patients deemed eligible for surgery, we potentially lost a cohort of patients who received NCT but did not have a distinct tumor reduction. Therefore, our results for MUC16 expression may have been affected by the loss of NCT patient samples that did not undergo surgical resection. Additionally, many other proteins are upregulated in PDAC along with MUC16 [17,46,47]. This study is potentially limited by the inclusion of only one protein. To continue to grow and understand this field, the effect of NCT will need to be studied on other proteins. Finally, protein expression has the potential to fluctuate between tissue slices. Therefore, future research will need to take this into account.

5. Conclusions

In recent decades, NCT has increased in clinical use to treat pancreatic cancer [2,12]. These data indicate that MUC16 is still expressed in PDAC tissues after chemotherapy treatment. In all, these data indicate the need for future research on the expression of MUC16 after neoadjuvant therapy.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cancers16203439/s1, Table S1: MUC16 expression characteristics. Table S2: MUC16 expression intensity trends based on tumor characteristics. Table S3: Association of tumor presence in matched adjacent samples with primary tumor clinical characteristics. Figure S1: Distribution of MUC16 expression in the neoadjuvant therapy regimens. Figure S2: Representative distribution of MUC16 expression intensity in NCT and non-NCT samples.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.M.M., M.T.O., C.C.I. and A.M.M.; methodology, K.M.M. and C.C.I.; investigation, K.M.M., E.G.E. and C.C.I.; formal analysis, K.M.M., E.G.E., M.T.O., K.A.K., G.A.T. and A.M.M.; writing—original draft preparation, K.M.M., E.G.E., M.T.O., C.C.I. and A.M.M.; writing—review and editing, K.M.M., E.G.E., M.T.O., C.C.I., K.A.K., G.A.T., M.A.C., Q.P.L. and A.M.M.; visualization, K.M.M.; supervision, A.M.M.; funding acquisition, A.M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported in part by funding from the National Institutes of Health grants [R01 CA259080, P50 CA127297, and P30 CA036727 (the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center)], the NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA036727, and the Nebraska Department of Health Institutional LB595 Grant for Cancer and Smoking Disease Research.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This research was conducted in accordance with the UNMC Institutional Review Board guidelines, the United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki. As per the United States Department of Health and Human Services regulations policy, 45 CFR 46.102(e), this study did not constitute human subjects research because the samples were not originally banked for this research, a third-party honest broker selected the samples, and no identifiable information was gathered or known by any of the co-authors.

Informed Consent Statement

Due to the Code of Federal Regulations Policy 45 CFR 46.102(e), specific written informed consent and IRB approval were not required for the deidentified samples obtained through a third-party individual from the tissue bank and Department of Pathology (UNMC).

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available upon request to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the honest broker for the patient sample retrieval, the honest broker for the NORs normal pancreas samples, and the staff of the University of Nebraska Medical Center Tissue Sciences Facility, who aided in staining for CA125 expression with the OC125 antibody.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare the following competing interests: Quan P. Ly is a co-investigator of NIH funding related to pancreatic cancer and fluorescence-guided surgery. Quan P. Ly has stock ownership in Intuitive Surgical Other stock information is available upon request. Aaron M. Mohs has NIH funding related to fluorescence-guided surgery targeting mucins and patents related to contrast agents and imaging systems for fluorescence-guided surgery. All other authors do not declare any competing interests.

References

  1. Rahib, L.; Smith, B.D.; Aizenberg, R.; Rosenzweig, A.B.; Fleshman, J.M.; Matrisian, L.M. Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: The unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States. Cancer Res. 2014, 74, 2913–2921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Cloyd, J.M.; Shen, C.; Santry, H.; Bridges, J.; Dillhoff, M.; Ejaz, A.; Pawlik, T.M.; Tsung, A. Disparities in the use of neoadjuvant therapy for resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 2020, 18, 556–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Orth, M.; Metzger, P.; Gerum, S.; Mayerle, J.; Schneider, G.; Belka, C.; Schnurr, M.; Lauber, K. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Biological hallmarks, current status, and future perspectives of combined modality treatment approaches. Radiat. Oncol. 2019, 14, 141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Thanikachalam, K.; Damarla, V.; Seixas, T.; Dobrosotskaya, I.; Wollner, I.; Kwon, D.; Winters, K.; Raoufi, M.; Li, J.; Siddiqui, F.; et al. Neoadjuvant phase II trial of chemoradiotherapy in patients with resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020, 43, 435–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Olson, M.T.; Aguilar, E.N.; Brooks, C.L.; Isder, C.C.; Muilenburg, K.M.; Talmon, G.A.; Ly, Q.P.; Carlson, M.A.; Hollingsworth, M.A.; Mohs, A.M. Preclinical evaluation of a humanized, near-infrared fluorescent antibody for fluorescence-guided surgery of MUC16-expressing pancreatic cancer. Mol. Pharm. 2022, 19, 3586–3599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Tringale, K.R.; Pang, J.; Nguyen, Q.T. Image-guided surgery in cancer: A strategy to reduce incidence of positive surgical margins. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med. 2018, 10, e1412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. de Gooyer, J.M.; Versleijen-Jonkers, Y.M.H.; Hillebrandt-Roeffen, M.H.S.; Frielink, C.; Desar, I.M.E.; de Wilt, J.H.W.; Flucke, U.; Rijpkema, M. Immunohistochemical selection of biomarkers for tumor-targeted image-guided surgery of myxofibrosarcoma. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 2915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Tummers, W.S.; Groen, J.V.; Sibinga Mulder, B.G.; Farina-Sarasqueta, A.; Morreau, J.; Putter, H.; van de Velde, C.J.; Vahrmeijer, A.L.; Bonsing, B.A.; Mieog, J.S.; et al. Impact of resection margin status on recurrence and survival in pancreatic cancer surgery. Br. J. Surg. 2019, 106, 1055–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Rau, B.M.; Moritz, K.; Schuschan, S.; Alsfasser, G.; Prall, F.; Klar, E. R1 resection in pancreatic cancer has significant impact on long-term outcome in standardized pathology modified for routine use. Surgery 2012, 152, S103–S111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Alfano, M.S.; Garnier, J.; Palen, A.; Ewald, J.; Piana, G.; Poizat, F.; Mitry, E.; Delpero, J.R.; Turrini, O. Peak Risk of Recurrence Occurs during the First Two Years after a Pancreatectomy in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX. Cancers 2023, 15, 5151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Olson, M.T.; Ly, Q.P.; Mohs, A.M. Fluorescence guidance in surgical oncology: Challenges, opportunities, and translation. Mol. Imaging Biol. 2019, 21, 200–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Ghaneh, P.; Palmer, D.; Cicconi, S.; Jackson, R.; Halloran, C.M.; Rawcliffe, C.; Sripadam, R.; Mukherjee, S.; Soonawalla, Z.; Wadsley, J.; et al. Immediate surgery compared with short-course neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus capecitabine, FOLFIRINOX, or chemoradiotherapy in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (ESPAC5): A four-arm, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2023, 8, 157–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Principe, D.R.; Underwood, P.W.; Korc, M.; Trevino, J.G.; Munshi, H.G.; Rana, A. The current treatment paradigm for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and barriers to therapeutic efficacy. Front. Oncol. 2021, 11, 688377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Barenboim, A.; Lahat, G.; Geva, R.; Nachmany, I.; Nakache, R.; Goykhman, Y.; Brazowski, E.; Rosen, G.; Isakov, O.; Wolf, I.; et al. Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX for locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: An intention to treat analysis. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2018, 44, 1619–1623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. van Dam, J.L.; Janssen, Q.P.; Besselink, M.G.; Homs, M.Y.V.; van Santvoort, H.C.; van Tienhoven, G.; de Wilde, R.F.; Wilmink, J.W.; van Eijck, C.H.J.; Groot Koerkamp, B.; et al. Neoadjuvant therapy or upfront surgery for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur. J. Cancer 2022, 160, 140–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Parra, E.R.; Villalobos, P.; Behrens, C.; Jiang, M.; Pataer, A.; Swisher, S.G.; William, W.N., Jr.; Zhang, J.; Lee, J.; Cascone, T.; et al. Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the immune microenvironment in non-small cell lung carcinomas as determined by multiplex immunofluorescence and image analysis approaches. J. Immunother. Cancer 2018, 6, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Tummers, W.S.; Farina-Sarasqueta, A.; Boonstra, M.C.; Prevoo, H.A.; Sier, C.F.; Mieog, J.S.; Morreau, J.; van Eijck, C.H.; Kuppen, P.J.; van de Velde, C.J.; et al. Selection of optimal molecular targets for tumor-specific imaging in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 56816–56828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Collisson, E.A.; Bailey, P.; Chang, D.K.; Biankin, A.V. Molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 16, 207–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Turner, M.A.; Hollandsworth, H.M.; Nishino, H.; Amirfakhri, S.; Lwin, T.M.; Lowy, A.M.; Kaur, S.; Natarajan, G.; Mallya, K.; Hoffman, R.M.; et al. Fluorescent anti-MUC5AC brightly targets pancreatic cancer in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft. In Vivo 2022, 36, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Olson, M.T.; Wojtynek, N.E.; Talmon, G.A.; Caffrey, T.C.; Radhakrishnan, P.; Ly, Q.P.; Hollingsworth, M.A.; Mohs, A.M. Development of a MUC16-targeted near-infrared fluorescent antibody conjugate for intraoperative imaging of pancreatic cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2020, 19, 1670–1681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Tummers, W.S.; Miller, S.E.; Teraphongphom, N.T.; Gomez, A.; Steinberg, I.; Huland, D.M.; Hong, S.; Kothapalli, S.R.; Hasan, A.; Ertsey, R.; et al. Intraoperative Pancreatic Cancer Detection using Tumor-Specific Multimodality Molecular Imaging. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2018, 25, 1880–1888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Muilenburg, K.M.; Isder, C.C.; Radhakrishnan, P.; Batra, S.K.; Ly, Q.P.; Carlson, M.A.; Bouvet, M.; Hollingsworth, M.A.; Mohs, A.M. Mucins as contrast agent targets for fluorescence-guided surgery of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett. 2023, 561, 216150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. van Dam, M.A.; Vuijk, F.A.; Stibbe, J.A.; Houvast, R.D.; Luelmo, S.A.C.; Crobach, S.; Shahbazi Feshtali, S.; de Geus-Oei, L.F.; Bonsing, B.A.; Sier, C.F.M.; et al. Overview and future perspectives on tumor-targeted positron emission tomography and fluorescence imaging of pancreatic cancer in the era of neoadjuvant therapy. Cancers 2021, 13, 6088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Gutowski, M.; Framery, B.; Boonstra, M.C.; Garambois, V.; Quenet, F.; Dumas, K.; Scherninski, F.; Cailler, F.; Vahrmeijer, A.L.; Pelegrin, A. SGM-101: An innovative near-infrared dye-antibody conjugate that targets CEA for fluorescence-guided surgery. Surg. Oncol. 2017, 26, 153–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Hoogstins, C.E.S.; Boogerd, L.S.F.; Sibinga Mulder, B.G.; Mieog, J.S.D.; Swijnenburg, R.J.; van de Velde, C.J.H.; Farina Sarasqueta, A.; Bonsing, B.A.; Framery, B.; Pelegrin, A.; et al. Image-Guided Surgery in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: First Results of a Clinical Trial Using SGM-101, a Novel Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Targeting, Near-Infrared Fluorescent Agent. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2018, 25, 3350–3357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Lu, G.; van den Berg, N.S.; Martin, B.A.; Nishio, N.; Hart, Z.P.; van Keulen, S.; Fakurnejad, S.; Chirita, S.U.; Raymundo, R.C.; Yi, G.; et al. Tumour-specific fluorescence-guided surgery for pancreatic cancer using panitumumab-IRDye800CW: A phase 1 single-centre, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 5, 753–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Mulder, B.G.S.; Koller, M.; Duiker, E.W.; Sarasqueta, A.F.; Burggraaf, J.; Meijer, V.E.; Vahrmeijer, A.L.; Hoogwater, F.J.H.; Bonsing, B.A.; van Dam, G.M.; et al. Intraoperative Molecular Fluorescence Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer by Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: A Multicenter Feasibility Dose-Escalation Study. J. Nucl. Med. 2023, 64, 82–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Vahrmeijer, A. FLUOPANC-Trial—Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Pancreatic and Bileduct Tumors Using cRGD-ZW800-1 (FLUOPANC); Leiden University Medical Center: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2024. [Google Scholar]
  29. Rehman, S.; Brennan, P.M.; Lilienkampf, A.; Bradley, M. Approved and investigational fluorescent optical imaging agents for disease detection in surgery. Int. J. Surg. 2023, 109, 2378–2387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Fujita, K.; Urano, Y. Activity-Based Fluorescence Diagnostics for Cancer. Chem. Rev. 2024, 124, 4021–4078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Anand, A.; Satapathy, P.; Sharma, R.K.; Sharma, D.; Arora, M.; Khatib, M.N.; Gaidhane, S.; Zahiruddin, Q.S.; Rustagi, S. Pegulicianine: A game changer for image-guided breast cancer surgery. Int. J. Surg. Open 2024, 62, 452–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Haridas, D.; Chakraborty, S.; Ponnusamy, M.P.; Lakshmanan, I.; Rachagani, S.; Cruz, E.; Kumar, S.; Das, S.; Lele, S.M.; Anderson, J.M.; et al. Pathobiological implications of MUC16 expression in pancreatic cancer. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e26839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Streppel, M.M.; Vincent, A.; Mukherjee, R.; Campbell, N.R.; Chen, S.H.; Konstantopoulos, K.; Goggins, M.G.; Van Seuningen, I.; Maitra, A.; Montgomery, E.A. Mucin 16 (cancer antigen 125) expression in human tissues and cell lines and correlation with clinical outcome in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, esophagus, stomach, and colon. Hum. Pathol. 2012, 43, 1755–1763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Cavanna, L.; Stroppa, E.M.; Citterio, C.; Mordenti, P.; Di Nunzio, C.; Peveri, S.; Orlandi, E.; Vecchia, S. Modified FOLFIRINOX for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic pancreatic cancer. A real-world comparison of an attenuated with a full dose in a single center experience. Onco Targets Ther. 2019, 12, 3077–3085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. van Roessel, S.; Kasumova, G.G.; Verheij, J.; Najarian, R.M.; Maggino, L.; de Pastena, M.; Malleo, G.; Marchegiani, G.; Salvia, R.; Ng, S.C.; et al. International validation of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. JAMA Surg. 2018, 153, e183617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Shin, D.W.; Kim, J. The American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging system for the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Is it better than the 7th edition? Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr. 2020, 9, 98–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Shi, S.; Hua, J.; Liang, C.; Meng, Q.; Liang, D.; Xu, J.; Ni, Q.; Yu, X. Proposed modification of the 8th edition of the AJCC staging system for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Surg. 2019, 269, 944–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Roalso, M.; Aunan, J.R.; Soreide, K. Refined TNM-staging for pancreatic adenocarcinoma—Real progress or much ado about nothing? Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2020, 46, 1554–1557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Boogerd, L.S.; van der Valk, M.J.; Boonstra, M.C.; Prevoo, H.A.; Hilling, D.E.; van de Velde, C.J.; Sier, C.F.; Farina Sarasqueta, A.; Vahrmeijer, A.L. Biomarker expression in rectal cancer tissue before and after neoadjuvant therapy. Onco Targets Ther. 2018, 11, 1655–1664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Remmele, W.; Stegner, H.E. Recommendation for uniform definition of an immunoreactive score (IRS) for immunohistochemical estrogen receptor detection (ER-ICA) in breast cancer tissue. Pathologe 1987, 8, 138–140. [Google Scholar]
  41. Specht, E.; Kaemmerer, D.; Sanger, J.; Wirtz, R.M.; Schulz, S.; Lupp, A. Comparison of immunoreactive score, HER2/neu score and H score for the immunohistochemical evaluation of somatostatin receptors in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Histopathology 2015, 67, 368–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Travo, A.; Piot, O.; Wolthuis, R.; Gobinet, C.; Manfait, M.; Bara, J.; Forgue-Lafitte, M.E.; Jeannesson, P. IR spectral imaging of secreted mucus: A promising new tool for the histopathological recognition of human colonic adenocarcinomas. Histopathology 2010, 56, 921–931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Trabbic, K.R.; Whalen, K.; Abarca-Heideman, K.; Xia, L.; Temme, J.S.; Edmondson, E.F.; Gildersleeve, J.C.; Barchi, J.J., Jr. A tumor-selective monoclonal antibody from immunization with a tumor-associated mucin glycopeptide. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 5662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Janardhan, K.S.; Jensen, H.; Clayton, N.P.; Herbert, R.A. Immunohistochemistry in investigative and toxicologic pathology. Toxicol. Pathol. 2018, 46, 488–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Di Maggio, F.; El-Shakankery, K.H. Desmoplasia and Biophysics in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Can We Learn From Breast Cancer? Pancreas 2020, 49, 313–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Vuijk, F.A.; de Muynck, L.; Franken, L.C.; Busch, O.R.; Wilmink, J.W.; Besselink, M.G.; Bonsing, B.A.; Bhairosingh, S.S.; Kuppen, P.J.K.; Mieog, J.S.D.; et al. Molecular targets for diagnostic and intraoperative imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX treatment. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 16211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. de Geus, S.W.; Boogerd, L.S.; Swijnenburg, R.J.; Mieog, J.S.; Tummers, W.S.; Prevoo, H.A.; Sier, C.F.; Morreau, H.; Bonsing, B.A.; van de Velde, C.J.; et al. Selecting Tumor-Specific Molecular Targets in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Paving the Way for Image-Guided Pancreatic Surgery. Mol. Imaging Biol. 2016, 18, 807–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cancers 16 03439 g001
Figure 1. Mucin 16 (MUC16) is expressed in both NCT and non-NCT patient samples. (a) Dot plot with all samples comparing the mean immunoreactive score (IRS) of the NCT, non-NCT, and normal pancreas specimens. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. p < 0.05; * 0.01 < p < 0.05; ** 0.001 < p < 0.01. (b) Representative images of the mean MUC16 expression in each group were taken at 20× magnification. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Figure 1. Mucin 16 (MUC16) is expressed in both NCT and non-NCT patient samples. (a) Dot plot with all samples comparing the mean immunoreactive score (IRS) of the NCT, non-NCT, and normal pancreas specimens. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. p < 0.05; * 0.01 < p < 0.05; ** 0.001 < p < 0.01. (b) Representative images of the mean MUC16 expression in each group were taken at 20× magnification. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Cancers 16 03439 g001
Cancers 16 03439 g002
Figure 2. MUC16 retention in PDAC patient samples after chemotherapy treatment. (a) Distribution of MUC16 stain intensity in matched diagnostic and NCT samples. Matched samples are indicated by the same color and shape. (b) Representative images of the distribution of MUC16 stain intensity in the matched diagnostic and NCT samples. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Figure 2. MUC16 retention in PDAC patient samples after chemotherapy treatment. (a) Distribution of MUC16 stain intensity in matched diagnostic and NCT samples. Matched samples are indicated by the same color and shape. (b) Representative images of the distribution of MUC16 stain intensity in the matched diagnostic and NCT samples. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Cancers 16 03439 g002
Cancers 16 03439 g003
Figure 3. Differential MUC16 expression between PDAC and matched adjacent tissues. (a–c) MUC16 stain intensity in treated samples compared to matched adjacent tissue. The matched data points are indicated with the same color and shape. The mean line is plotted in the dot plot. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. p < 0.05; *** 0.0001 < p < 0.001. Differential MUC16 expression in (a) all tumors and matched adjacent tissues. (b) NCT samples and matched adjacent tissues. (c) non-NCT samples and matched adjacent tissues. (d) Representative images of the differential MUC16 expression. Images taken at 20× magnification. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Figure 3. Differential MUC16 expression between PDAC and matched adjacent tissues. (a–c) MUC16 stain intensity in treated samples compared to matched adjacent tissue. The matched data points are indicated with the same color and shape. The mean line is plotted in the dot plot. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. p < 0.05; *** 0.0001 < p < 0.001. Differential MUC16 expression in (a) all tumors and matched adjacent tissues. (b) NCT samples and matched adjacent tissues. (c) non-NCT samples and matched adjacent tissues. (d) Representative images of the differential MUC16 expression. Images taken at 20× magnification. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Cancers 16 03439 g003
Table 1. Tissue sample characteristics.
Table 1. Tissue sample characteristics.
No Prior Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Treatment (Non-NCT) (%)
(N = 31)		Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Treatment (NCT) (%)
(N = 35)
Tumor grade
Well Differentiated6 (19.4%)9 (25.7%)
Moderately Differentiated15 (48.4%)16 (45.7%)
Poorly Differentiated10 (32.3%)10 (28.6%)
Primary tumor designation
T15 (16.1%)11 (31.4%)
T211 (35.5%)20 (57.1%)
T314 (45.2%)3 (8.6%)
T41 (3.2%)1 (2.9%)
Lymph node designation
N07 (22.6%)15 (42.9%)
N118 (58.1%)16 (45.7%)
N26 (19.4%)4 (11.4%)
Metastatic disease designation
MX4 (12.9%)7 (20%)
M026 (83.9%)28 (80%)
M11 (3.2%)0 (0%)
AJCC Stage
IA3 (9.7%)6 (17.1%)
IB2 (6.5%)10 (28.6%)
IIA11 (35.5%)14 (40%)
IIB10 (32.3%)4 (11.4%)
IIIA3 (9.7%)0 (0%)
IIIB1 (3.2%)1 (2.9%)
IV1 (3.2%)0 (0%)
Fibrosis classification
All tumor1 (3.2%)1 (2.9%)
More tumor than fibrosis20 (64.5%)9 (25.7%)
More fibrosis than tumor10 (32.3%)25 (71.4%)
All fibrosis0 (0%)0 (0%)
Neoadjuvant therapy treatment
FOLFIRINOX-basedNA14 (40%)
FOLFIRINOX + radiationNA17 (48.6%)
Gemcitabine-basedNA4 (11.4%)
Grade of pathological response
No responseNA1 (2.86%)
Minimal responseNA14 (40%)
Moderate responseNA17 (48.57%)
Marked responseNA3 (8.57%)
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Muilenburg, K.M.; Ehrhorn, E.G.; Olson, M.T.; Isder, C.C.; Klute, K.A.; Talmon, G.A.; Carlson, M.A.; Ly, Q.P.; Mohs, A.M. MUC16 Retention after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers 2024, 16, 3439. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16203439

AMA Style

Muilenburg KM, Ehrhorn EG, Olson MT, Isder CC, Klute KA, Talmon GA, Carlson MA, Ly QP, Mohs AM. MUC16 Retention after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers. 2024; 16(20):3439. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16203439

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muilenburg, Kathryn M., Evie G. Ehrhorn, Madeline T. Olson, Carly C. Isder, Kelsey A. Klute, Geoffrey A. Talmon, Mark A. Carlson, Quan P. Ly, and Aaron M. Mohs. 2024. "MUC16 Retention after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma" Cancers 16, no. 20: 3439. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16203439

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop