Next Article in Journal
The Prediagnostic General Practitioners’ Pathway of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Patients: A Real-World Data Study
Previous Article in Journal
Lenalidomide Efficacy in Patients with MDS and Del-5q: Real-World Data from the Hellenic (Greek) National Myelodysplastic & Hypoplastic Syndromes Registry (EAKMYS)
Previous Article in Special Issue
Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: Advances in Diagnosis, Genetic Insights, and Management Strategies
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cancers
Volume 17
Issue 9
10.3390/cancers17091390
cancers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Extreme Thrombocytosis in Patients with Overt Myelofibrosis and Its Clinical Associations

by
Marko Lucijanic
1,2,3,*,
Ivan Krecak
4,5,6,
Ena Soric
1,
Anica Sabljic
1,
Davor Galusic
7,8,
Hrvoje Holik
9,
Vlatka Perisa
10,11,
Martina Moric Peric
12,
Ivan Zekanovic
12,
Leonardo Budimir
3 and
Rajko Kusec
1
1
Hematology Department, University Hospital Dubrava, Av. Gojka Suska 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
2
Scientific Research and Translational Medicine Department, University Hospital Dubrava, Av. Gojka Suska 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Ul. Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
4
Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Sibenik, Ul. Stjepana Radica 83, 22000 Sibenik, Croatia
5
School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Ul. Brace Branchetta 20/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
6
Sibenik University of Applied Science, Trg Andrije Hebranga 11, 22000 Sibenik, Croatia
7
Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Split, Soltanska ul. 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
8
School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska ul. 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
9
Department of Internal Medicine, “Dr. Josip Bencevic” General Hospital, Ul. Andrije Stampara, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia
10
Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Ul. Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
11
Department of Hematology, Osijek University Hospital, Ul. Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
12
Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Zadar, Ul. Boze Pericica 5, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091390
Submission received: 12 March 2025 / Revised: 15 April 2025 / Accepted: 20 April 2025 / Published: 22 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Advances in the Molecular Understanding of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs))
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Simple Summary

Extreme thrombocytosis (ExTh, platelet count > 1000 × 109/L) is observed in some patients diagnosed with primary or secondary myelofibrosis, a specific tumor of the hematopoietic stem cell. Nevertheless, there are no data in the literature on this phenomenon that may aid in clinical decision-making when it is present. Here, we report the incidence, clinical correlations, and associated outcomes of ExTh. As our study shows, ExTh is rare but may represent a favorable phenomenon.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Overt primary myelofibrosis (PMF), secondary post-polycythemia vera (post-PV), and post-essential thrombocythemia (post-ET) myelofibrosis (SMF) are chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) that sometimes present with extreme thrombocytosis (ExTh, platelet count > 1000 × 109/L), a phenomenon of uncertain clinical significance since there are no published data available. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the clinical correlations and associated outcomes of ExTh in a cohort of 172 patients with overt myelofibrosis diagnosed in six Croatian hematology centers. Results: ExTh was present in 5.8% of patients and was associated with post-ET etiology of myelofibrosis, older age, smaller spleen size, and the presence of arterial hypertension (p < 0.05 for all analyses). No significant associations were observed with sex, degree of bone marrow fibrosis, or driver mutation status. Over the follow-up period, patients with ExTh experienced a favorable course regarding survival (p < 0.001) and bleeding risk (p = 0.034), whereas no significant association with thrombotic risk was observed (p = 0.682). Conclusions: In contrast to its context in ET, ExTh in overt fibrotic MPN does not appear to confer higher bleeding or thrombotic risk. Instead, it is associated with more favorable survival outcomes and reduced bleeding risk.

1. Introduction

Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are malignant disorders of the hematopoietic stem cells, resulting in their uncontrolled proliferation and the production of mature-appearing blood cells [1,2]. Stem cell proliferation is driven by upregulation of the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, as a consequence of acquired mutations in JAK2, calreticulin (CALR), or thrombopoietin receptor (myeloproliferative leukemia proto-oncogene, MPL) genes in the majority of patients [3]. This, in turn, drives not only proliferation but also the strong inflammatory milieu characteristic of MPNs [4]. There are three classical entities: polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). PMF can present as pre-fibrotic disease or as overt fibrotic disease with developed clinical complications, including a high grade of bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, anemia, and the presence of constitutional symptoms [5,6]. PV and ET may also develop overt bone marrow fibrosis, which is accompanied by the development of similar clinical complications—a state termed secondary myelofibrosis (SMF) [7]. The clinical presentation and prognosis of overt fibrotic PMF and SMF overlap, and both diseases respond to the same therapies, although some differences exist at the molecular and clinical levels [8,9].
A high thrombotic risk is inherent to all MPN subsets [1,10]. MPN patients tend to develop both arterial and venous thromboses, and clinical risk scores that guide the introduction of cytoreductive therapies are based on the prediction of thrombotic risk. An increased risk of bleeding is also characteristic of MPN patients; however, it is often a secondary consideration in clinical decision-making [11]. When patients progress to the overt myelofibrosis stage, the focus of prognostication and treatment shifts to the evaluation and reduction of mortality risk. Nevertheless, thrombotic risk remains high and is usually insufficiently managed [12].
Complete blood count and its components are the mainstay of evaluation for MPN patients [13]. Although MPN patients in prefibrotic stages typically present with cytoses, they tend to develop anemia, thrombocytopenia, and in some instances, leukopenia when progressing to the overt fibrotic stage [14]. Among patients with developed myelofibrosis, so-called myelodepletive and cytopenic phenotypes are associated with poor prognosis and a higher risk of death [15]. Thrombocytopenia is a relevant clinical issue and is recognized as a negative prognostic parameter in patients with myelofibrosis, incorporated into prognostic scores [16]. It limits the introduction and dosing of myelofibrosis-specific therapies, as well as antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. On the other side of the platelet spectrum, a proportion of patients present with elevated platelet counts (>450 × 109/L). These patients usually tolerate cytoreductive therapies better and are more reminiscent of prefibrotic MPN patients [17].
Extreme thrombocytosis (ExTh) is a presenting feature in some MPN patients, usually associated with the ET or prefibrotic PMF phenotype [18]. It is typically defined as a platelet count greater than 1500 or 1000 × 109/L, with the cut-off value being more psychological than clinical. However, among ET patients, those with ExTh tend to have a higher bleeding risk linked to aspirin use [19], which is in part due to acquired von Willebrand syndrome [20,21], and ExTh is considered a valid indication for the initiation of cytoreductive therapies regardless of other clinical features and risks [22]. ExTh can be encountered in all MPN contexts, even among overt fibrotic MPN patients. However, there are no data in the literature on its clinical significance in the context of overt myelofibrosis. Since the clinical significance of this phenomenon is uncertain, we aimed to investigate the clinical correlations of ExTh (defined as a platelet count > 1000 × 109/L) at the time of diagnosis among overt-stage PMF and SMF patients, and the associated clinical risks.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients and the Methodology

We conducted a retrospective analysis of a multicenter cohort of patients with overt myelofibrosis. The study included 172 patients who were diagnosed and treated in six Croatian hematology centers between 2004 and 2025. All diagnoses were reassessed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 [23] and the International consensus classification (ICC) 2022 criteria [24]. Bone marrow biopsy was mandatory for inclusion, and the degree of bone marrow fibrosis was graded according to the European Consensus criteria [25]. Disease severity was categorized using either the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS) [26] in PMF patients or the Myelofibrosis Secondary to PV and ET Prognostic Model (MYSEC-PM) in SMF patients [27]. Comorbidities were assessed both as individual entities and as a cumulative comorbidity burden, measured by the Charlson Comorbidity Index [28]. Platelet count, in addition to other laboratory and clinical parameters, was assessed at baseline, and the results are presented from the perspective of ExTh, defined as platelets > 1000 × 109/L [21]. Platelet count was further stratified into <150, 150–450, and 450–1000 × 109/L categories.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University Hospital Dubrava (2020/0306-05; 8 June 2020), the University Hospital Center Split (2181-147-01/06/M.S.-19-3; 31 January 2019), the University Hospital Center Osijek (R2-1060/2020; 25 February 2020), the General Hospital Zadar (02-2025/20-6/20; 10 April 2020), the General Hospital of Sibenik-Knin County (01-3618/1-20; 26 February 2020) and the Dr. Josip Bencevic General Hospital (04000000/20-37; 20 May 2020). All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.

2.2. Statistical Methods

The normality of the distribution of numerical variables was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Due to the non-normal distribution of the majority of variables, all numerical variables were presented as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR) and analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests. Comparisons of numerical variables between groups were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as ratios or percentages and compared between groups using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate.
Time-to-event analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Patients were evaluated from diagnosis until death or their last known visit for overall survival (OS), from diagnosis to the first arterial or venous thrombotic event for time to thrombosis (TTT), and from diagnosis to the first bleeding event for time to bleeding (TTB). Arterial thrombotic events considered included myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular infarction, and peripheral arterial thrombosis. Venous thrombotic events considered included deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and cerebral or splanchnic venous thrombosis. The Cox–Mantel version of the log-rank test was used to compare time-to-event data between groups [29]. Multivariate time-to-event analyses were conducted using Cox regression analysis [30]. Screening of time-to-event associations was performed using a custom-developed Microsoft Excel workbook [31].
p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All presented analyses were performed using the MedCalc statistical program version 23.0.2 (MedCalc Software Ltd., Ostend, Belgium).

3. Results

Among the 172 myelofibrosis patients, 58.7% were male. The median age was 68 years (IQR 62–76). JAK2 V617F, CALR, and MPL mutations were present in 74.1%, 8.1%, and 3% of patients, respectively. The majority of patients had grade II bone marrow fibrosis (112 patients, 65.1%), while 60 patients (34.9%) had grade III fibrosis. The median platelet count was 316 × 109/L. ExTh was present in 10 patients (5.8%); platelet counts in the range of 450–1000 × 109/L were observed in 42 patients (24.4%), normal platelet counts (150–450 × 109/L) in 85 patients (49.4%), and thrombocytopenia in 35 patients (20.4%). The distribution of patients based on baseline platelet count is presented in Figure 1.
The relationship between patients’ characteristics and the presence of ExTh is presented in Table 1. Patients with post-ET SMF were the most likely to have ExTh (14.7%), followed by those with PMF (5%) and post-PV SMF (0%) (p = 0.025). ExTh at the time of MF diagnosis was significantly associated with older age (p = 0.009), smaller palpable spleen size (p = 0.015), and a higher likelihood of cardiovascular risk factors (p = 0.034), namely arterial hypertension. ExTh was also associated with higher serum creatinine concentration (p = 0.007) and lower MCHC (p = 0.013). No significant associations were found with respect to sex, leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutational status, or stage of bone marrow fibrosis. Additionally, no significant association was observed with the DIPSS or MYSEC-PM risk stratification systems (p > 0.05 for all analyses). Patients with ExTh were more likely to receive aspirin (p = 0.015), whereas no differences were observed regarding other specific therapies.
All patients with ExTh received cytoreductive therapy aimed at reducing platelet count. The majority of patients received hydroxyurea (nine patients), and one patient received interferon. One patient experienced early death due to a thrombotic event (pulmonary embolism), whereas a trend of reduction in platelet count at 6 months was observed in all remaining patients, with a median platelet count of 530 × 109/L at 6 months (median 43% of baseline platelet count).
Over the follow-up period, a total of 84 patients died, 23 experienced a thrombotic event, and 13 experienced a bleeding event. The median follow-up was 56 months. Median OS was 55 months in the overall cohort and differed significantly between patients in different baseline platelet count categories (p < 0.001), as shown in Figure 2. Patients with ExTh experienced a favorable course regarding OS, comparable to patients with platelet counts of 450–1000 × 109/L, with 36-month survival rates of 88.9% and 86.7%, respectively, whereas survival rates deteriorated with lower baseline platelet counts, being 60% and 36.4% at 36 months in patients with normal and low baseline platelet counts, respectively. Having platelets above normal at baseline persisted as an independent predictor of higher OS in a multivariate model adjusted for DIPSS covariates, independently of other predictors: high platelets (HR 0.43, 95% CI [0.27–0.69], p < 0.001), age > 65 years (HR 2.55, 95% CI [1.65–3.94], p < 0.001), WBC > 25 (HR 2.59, 95% CI [1.55–4.32], p < 0.001), circulating blasts ≥ 1% (HR 1.68, 95% CI [1.1–2.57], p = 0.015), hemoglobin < 100 g/L (HR 2.14, 95% CI [1.42–3.2], p < 0.001), and presence of constitutional symptoms (HR 1.74, 95% CI [1.13–2.67], p = 0.016).
There was no significant association between ExTh and thrombotic risk (p = 0.682) compared to other platelet count categories, as shown in Figure 3. However, ExTh patients, similar to those with platelet counts of 450–1000 × 109/L, had a favorable bleeding risk over time compared to patients with normal or low platelet counts (p = 0.043), as shown in Figure 4.

4. Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the phenomenon of ExTh in patients with overt myelofibrosis, its clinical correlations, and associated risks. As our data suggest, the presence of ExTh is rare but more prevalent among patients with post-ET SMF (14% of patients in this subgroup) and may signal the progression of ET into the myelofibrotic stage. In contrast, PV patients do not appear to develop ExTh at the time of progression, or it is sufficiently rare that it was not encountered in our cohort of patients.
Dysregulation in megakaryopoiesis is one of the key processes in the biology of MPN, regardless of phenotype or peripheral platelet count [32,33]. In addition to being part of the malignant clone, megakaryocytes further contribute to the tumor microenvironment through the production of cytokines such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which may promote the development of fibrosis and drive progression of the stem-cell disease into more aggressive malignant forms [34,35,36]. The strength of platelet production becomes very important when patients develop overt myelofibrosis [37] and a significant proportion of patients present with low platelet counts [38]. This occurs due to the replacement of hematopoietic bone marrow tissue with fibrosis and the inability of extramedullary hematopoiesis to compensate effectively by producing adequate platelet counts [39,40]. Additionally, massive splenomegaly leads to platelet sequestration, further contributing to thrombocytopenia [41]. Patients who present with a low platelet count tend to have high-risk karyotypes and genetic abnormalities associated with poor prognosis (such as SRSF2 and TP53 mutations) [38,42,43]. Besides MPNs, bone marrow fibrosis can also be encountered in the context of other hematologic and solid malignancies, such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) [44], hairy cell leukemia [45], metastatic cancer [46], and others, and is usually associated with a lower platelet count and poor prognosis [47,48]. Thrombocytopenia in myelofibrosis patients is recognized as a feature with a negative prognosis in the DIPSS-plus prognostic score [16], and because it is associated with difficulty in achieving optimal dosing of standard therapies, it highlights the need to consider more aggressive treatment approaches, such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, in a timely manner. Conversely, poor-risk features are less frequent among patients with higher platelet counts. Higher platelet counts allow for better tolerance of JAK inhibitors [37] and the introduction of full doses of both antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies if needed [49], especially for the treatment of cardiovascular comorbidities, which are frequent in MPN patients [50].
ExTh is a known and clinically relevant problem among ET patients. It is associated with a higher bleeding risk and requires the attention of treating physicians [51]. The underlying mechanism of the paradoxically higher bleeding risk associated with elevated platelet counts has been identified as the acquired loss of high-molecular-weight von Willebrand factor multimers, leading to acquired von Willebrand syndrome [51,52]. Cytoreduction is often considered in this context, although the risks and benefits are not completely clear [51,53,54]. Reactive thrombocytosis without underlying MPN also occurs in clinical practice and, in contrast, appears to be associated with a higher thrombotic risk; however, no recommendations exist for specific treatment besides controlling the primary process driving the inflammation [55]. Myelofibrosis patients have a high bleeding risk due to the frequent development of bleeding-prone sites, liver dysfunction from extramedullary hematopoiesis, sometimes low platelet counts, and exposure to therapies from earlier MPN stages that are designed to reduce thrombotic risk (e.g., aspirin) [56,57]. As our data show, myelofibrosis patients with ExTh were more frequently treated with aspirin than those without it, probably in part due to the association with a higher proportion of cardiovascular comorbidities, mostly arterial hypertension. It should also be noted that at the time of SMF diagnosis, a high proportion of patients had already received cytoreductive therapy, and ExTh developed despite such treatment. However, ExTh had no significant association with prior or other specific therapies utilized for myelofibrosis treatment, which is most likely due to low statistical power resulting from the small number of patients in specific subgroups.
The presence of ExTh was associated with a favorable prognosis, very similar to patients with elevated but non-extremely high platelet counts. Patients with high platelets at the time of diagnosis of primary or secondary myelofibrosis appear to have favorable overall survival (OS) and a favorable bleeding risk over time. We did not observe a difference in thrombotic risk based on specific platelet categories, suggesting that neither high nor low platelet counts affect thrombotic risk among MPN patients in the overt myelofibrotic stage. It should be noted that post-ET SMF patients may have the most favorable survival among myelofibrosis subsets [8,58], which may underline the beneficial effects of ExTh on survival observed in the current study. Additionally, a more favorable prognosis may influence the relationship between older age and ExTh at the time of SMF diagnosis. A similar pattern could be observed for palpable spleen size, which also tends to be less enlarged in post-ET SMF patients compared to other subsets. This raises the issue of optimal timing and clinical thresholds for performing bone marrow biopsies, particularly in patients classified as having more indolent MPN subtypes, such as ET. Multiple biopsies are often required to establish a diagnosis of post-ET SMF or post-PV SMF, primarily due to the requirement of at least grade II bone marrow fibrosis. Since there are no standardized recommendations, many patients with prior diagnoses of ET, PV, or pre-PMF go undetected when they “truly” progress, as the decision to perform a repeat bone marrow biopsy is typically based on individual physician discretion. Consequently, specialized care for MPN patients becomes critical, and treating physicians should remain attentive to clinical features and symptoms that may signal disease progression. Currently, more clinical evidence is needed to guide informed decision-making.
The main limitations of the current study are its retrospective design and the loss of statistical power due to the small number of patients in specific subgroups. No causal relationships could be investigated because of the study design’s inherent limitations. Additionally, a number of unmeasured variables may have influenced the reported observations. No information was available on secondary von Willebrand status or the number of bone marrow biopsies performed prior to the diagnosis of overt myelofibrosis. Additionally, the majority of patients lacked data on karyotype, molecular mutations beyond driver mutations, or the allele burden of driver mutations, limiting insights into the relationship of these factors with ExTh. Consequently, we were unable to thoroughly investigate this issue. All patients were of Caucasian race, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other racial and national contexts. Nevertheless, this study is the first to evaluate this rare phenomenon using a multi-institutional registry approach and to report its clinical and prognostic associations.

5. Conclusions

ExTh is rare among myelofibrosis patients at the time of diagnosis and is associated with the post-ET etiology of myelofibrosis, older age, smaller spleen size, and the presence of arterial hypertension. Aside from higher aspirin use, ExTh showed no association with the utilization of other specific therapies. ExTh was associated with favorable survival and a lower bleeding risk but had no significant association with thrombotic risk.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.L. and I.K.; methodology, M.L.; software, M.L.; validation, I.K. and R.K.; formal analysis, M.L.; investigation M.L., I.K., E.S., A.S., D.G., H.H., V.P., M.M.P., I.Z., L.B. and R.K.; writing—original draft preparation, M.L. and I.K.; writing—review and editing, M.L., I.K., E.S., A.S., D.G., H.H., V.P., M.M.P., I.Z., L.B. and R.K.; visualization, M.L.; supervision, I.K. and R.K.; project administration, M.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University Hospital Dubrava (2020/0306-05; 8 June 2020), the University Hospital Center Split (2181-147-01/06/M.S.-19-3; 31 January 2019), the University Hospital Center Osijek (R2-1060/2020; 25 February 2020), the General Hospital Zadar (02-2025/20-6/20; 10 April 2020), the General Hospital of Sibenik-Knin County (01-3618/1-20; 26 February 2020) and the Dr. Josip Bencevic General Hospital (04000000/20-37; 20 May 2020).

Informed Consent Statement

Patient consent was waived due to retrospective nature of the study.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Barbui, T.; Thiele, J.; Gisslinger, H.; Kvasnicka, H.M.; Vannucchi, A.M.; Guglielmelli, P.; Orazi, A.; Tefferi, A. The 2016 who classification and diagnostic criteria for myeloproliferative neoplasms: Document summary and in-depth discussion. Blood Cancer J. 2018, 8, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Arber, D.A.; Orazi, A.; Hasserjian, R.; Thiele, J.; Borowitz, M.J.; Le Beau, M.M.; Bloomfield, C.D.; Cazzola, M.; Vardiman, J.W. The 2016 revision to the world health organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood 2016, 127, 2391–2405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Chee, A.; Mead, A.J. Molecular profiling in mpn: Who should have it and why? Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program. 2024, 2024, 524–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Mendez Luque, L.F.; Blackmon, A.L.; Ramanathan, G.; Fleischman, A.G. Key role of inflammation in myeloproliferative neoplasms: Instigator of disease initiation, progression. And symptoms. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep. 2019, 14, 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Vachhani, P.; Loghavi, S.; Bose, P. Soho state of the art updates and next questions|diagnosis, outcomes, and management of prefibrotic myelofibrosis. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2024, 24, 413–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Khan, M.A.; Palmer, J. Soho state of the art updates and next questions|updates on myelofibrosis with cytopenia. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2024, 25, 293–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Thiele, J.; Kvasnicka, H.M.; Gianelli, U.; Arber, D.A.; Tefferi, A.; Vannucchi, A.M.; Barbui, T.; Orazi, A. Evolution of who diagnostic criteria in classical myeloproliferative neoplasms compared with the international consensus classification. Blood Cancer J. 2025, 15, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Lucijanic, M.; Krecak, I.; Soric, E.; Sabljic, A.; Galusic, D.; Holik, H.; Perisa, V.; Moric Peric, M.; Zekanovic, I.; Kusec, R. Patients with post polycythemia vera myelofibrosis might experience increased thrombotic risk in comparison to primary and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis. Leuk. Res. 2022, 119, 106905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Peroni, E.; Calistri, E.; Amato, R.; Gottardi, M.; Rosato, A. Spatial-transcriptomic profiling: A new lens for understanding myelofibrosis pathophysiology. Cell Commun. Signal. 2024, 22, 510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Krecak, I.; Lucijanic, M.; Verstovsek, S. Advances in risk stratification and treatment of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep. 2022, 17, 155–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jones, E.; Dillon, B.; Swan, D.; Thachil, J. Practical management of the haemorrhagic complications of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Br. J. Haematol. 2022, 199, 313–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Kc, D.; Falchi, L.; Verstovsek, S. The underappreciated risk of thrombosis and bleeding in patients with myelofibrosis: A review. Ann. Hematol. 2017, 96, 1595–1604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Krečak, I.; Holik, H.; Morić Perić, M.; Zekanović, I.; Coha, B.; Valovičić Krečak, M.; Gverić-Krečak, V.; Lucijanić, M. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios as prognostic biomarkers in polycythemia vera. Int. J. Lab. Hematol. 2022, 44, e145–e148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Mughal, T.I.; Vaddi, K.; Sarlis, N.J.; Verstovsek, S. Myelofibrosis-associated complications: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and effects on outcomes. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2014, 7, 89–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Marcellino, B.K.; Verstovsek, S.; Mascarenhas, J. The myelodepletive phenotype in myelofibrosis: Clinical relevance and therapeutic implication. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020, 20, 415–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Gangat, N.; Caramazza, D.; Vaidya, R.; George, G.; Begna, K.; Schwager, S.; Van Dyke, D.; Hanson, C.; Wu, W.; Pardanani, A.; et al. Dipss plus: A refined dynamic international prognostic scoring system for primary myelofibrosis that incorporates prognostic information from karyotype, platelet count, and transfusion status. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29, 392–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Sastow, D.; Mascarenhas, J.; Tremblay, D. Thrombocytopenia in patients with myelofibrosis: Pathogenesis, prevalence, prognostic impact, and treatment. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2022, 22, e507–e520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Tefferi, A.; Szuber, N.; Pardanani, A.; Hanson, C.A.; Vannucchi, A.M.; Barbui, T.; Gangat, N. Extreme thrombocytosis in low-risk essential thrombocythemia: Retrospective review of vascular events and treatment strategies. Am. J. Hematol. 2021, 96, E182–E184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Finazzi, G.; Carobbio, A.; Thiele, J.; Passamonti, F.; Rumi, E.; Ruggeri, M.; Rodeghiero, F.; Randi, M.L.; Bertozzi, I.; Vannucchi, A.M.; et al. Incidence and risk factors for bleeding in 1104 patients with essential thrombocythemia or prefibrotic myelofibrosis diagnosed according to the 2008 who criteria. Leukemia 2012, 26, 716–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Gangat, N.; Szuber, N.; Jawaid, T.; Hanson, C.A.; Pardanani, A.; Tefferi, A. Young platelet millionaires with essential thrombocythemia. Am. J. Hematol. 2021, 96, E93–E95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Awada, H.; Voso, M.T.; Guglielmelli, P.; Gurnari, C. Essential thrombocythemia and acquired von willebrand syndrome: The shadowlands between thrombosis and bleeding. Cancers 2020, 12, 1746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Alvarez-Larrán, A.; Sant’Antonio, E.; Harrison, C.; Kiladjian, J.J.; Griesshammer, M.; Mesa, R.; Ianotto, J.C.; Palandri, F.; Hernández-Boluda, J.C.; Birgegård, G.; et al. Unmet clinical needs in the management of calr-mutated essential thrombocythaemia: A consensus-based proposal from the european leukemianet. Lancet Haematol. 2021, 8, e658–e665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Khoury, J.D.; Solary, E.; Abla, O.; Akkari, Y.; Alaggio, R.; Apperley, J.F.; Bejar, R.; Berti, E.; Busque, L.; Chan, J.K.C.; et al. The 5th edition of the world health organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: Myeloid and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia 2022, 36, 1703–1719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Arber, D.A.; Orazi, A.; Hasserjian, R.P.; Borowitz, M.J.; Calvo, K.R.; Kvasnicka, H.M.; Wang, S.A.; Bagg, A.; Barbui, T.; Branford, S.; et al. International consensus classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias: Integrating morphologic, clinical, and genomic data. Blood 2022, 140, 1200–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Thiele, J.; Kvasnicka, H.M.; Facchetti, F.; Franco, V.; van der Walt, J.; Orazi, A. European consensus on grading bone marrow fibrosis and assessment of cellularity. Haematologica 2005, 90, 1128–1132. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  26. Passamonti, F.; Cervantes, F.; Vannucchi, A.M.; Morra, E.; Rumi, E.; Pereira, A.; Guglielmelli, P.; Pungolino, E.; Caramella, M.; Maffioli, M.; et al. A dynamic prognostic model to predict survival in primary myelofibrosis: A study by the iwg-mrt (international working group for myeloproliferative neoplasms research and treatment). Blood 2010, 115, 1703–1708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Passamonti, F.; Giorgino, T.; Mora, B.; Guglielmelli, P.; Rumi, E.; Maffioli, M.; Rambaldi, A.; Caramella, M.; Komrokji, R.; Gotlib, J.; et al. A clinical-molecular prognostic model to predict survival in patients with post polycythemia vera and post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis. Leukemia 2017, 31, 2726–2731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Piskač Živković, N.; Lucijanić, M.; Bušić, N.; Jurin, I.; Atić, A.; Andrilović, A.; Penović, T.; Domić, I.; Gnjidić, J.; Demaria, M.; et al. The associations of age, sex, and comorbidities with survival of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: Data from 4014 patients from a tertiary-center registry. Croat. Med. J. 2022, 63, 36–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Lucijanic, M.; Skelin, M.; Lucijanic, T. Survival analysis, more than meets the eye. Biochem. Med. 2017, 27, 14–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Bazdaric, K.; Sverko, D.; Salaric, I.; Martinovic, A.; Lucijanic, M. The abc of linear regression analysis: What every author and editor should know. Eur. Sci. Ed. 2021, 47, e63780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Lucijanić, M. Survival analysis in clinical practice: Analyze your own data using an excel workbook. Croat. Med. J. 2016, 57, 77–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Sharma, V.; Wright, K.L.; Epling-Burnette, P.K.; Reuther, G.W. Metabolic vulnerabilities and epigenetic dysregulation in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 604142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Guo, B.B.; Allcock, R.J.; Mirzai, B.; Malherbe, J.A.; Choudry, F.A.; Frontini, M.; Chuah, H.; Liang, J.; Kavanagh, S.E.; Howman, R.; et al. Megakaryocytes in myeloproliferative neoplasms have unique somatic mutations. Am. J. Pathol. 2017, 187, 1512–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Melo-Cardenas, J.; Migliaccio, A.R.; Crispino, J.D. The role of megakaryocytes in myelofibrosis. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2021, 35, 191–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Nam, A.S.; Kim, K.T.; Chaligne, R.; Izzo, F.; Ang, C.; Taylor, J.; Myers, R.M.; Abu-Zeinah, G.; Brand, R.; Omans, N.D.; et al. Somatic mutations and cell identity linked by genotyping of transcriptomes. Nature 2019, 571, 355–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Becker, I.C.; Barrachina, M.N.; Camacho, V.; Roweth, H.G.; Tilburg, J.; Chua, B.; Nagy, Z.; Englert, M.; Machlus, K.R.; Signer, R.; et al. Tgfβ1 secretion in megakaryocytes is autophagy-dependent and its inhibition ameliorates myelofibrosis in mice. Blood 2023, 142, 744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Yu, J.; Bland, E.; Schuler, T.; Cordaro, T.; Braunstein, E. Real-world use of ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis and anemia or thrombocytopenia at diagnosis. Acta Haematol. 2024, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Kuykendall, A.T.; Mo, Q.; Sallman, D.A.; Ali, N.A.; Chan, O.; Yun, S.; Sweet, K.L.; Padron, E.; Lancet, J.E.; Komrokji, R.S. Disease-related thrombocytopenia in myelofibrosis is defined by distinct genetic etiologies and is associated with unique prognostic correlates. Cancer 2022, 128, 3495–3501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Yang, X.; Chen, D.; Long, H.; Zhu, B. The mechanisms of pathological extramedullary hematopoiesis in diseases. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2020, 77, 2723–2738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Ghosh, K.; Shome, D.K.; Kulkarni, B.; Ghosh, M.K.; Ghosh, K. Fibrosis and bone marrow: Understanding causation and pathobiology. J. Transl. Med. 2023, 21, 703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Song, M.K.; Park, B.B.; Uhm, J.E. Understanding splenomegaly in myelofibrosis: Association with molecular pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Gagelmann, N.; Badbaran, A.; Salit, R.B.; Schroeder, T.; Gurnari, C.; Pagliuca, S.; Panagiota, V.; Rautenberg, C.; Cassinat, B.; Thol, F.; et al. Impact of tp53 on outcome of patients with myelofibrosis undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2023, 141, 2901–2911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Bose, P.; Verstovsek, S. Prognosis of primary myelofibrosis in the genomic era. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2016, 16, S105–S113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Jain, A.G.; Zhang, L.; Bennett, J.M.; Komrokji, R. Myelodysplastic syndromes with bone marrow fibrosis: An update. Ann. Lab. Med. 2022, 42, 299–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Shehata, M.; Schwarzmeier, J.D.; Hilgarth, M.; Hubmann, R.; Duechler, M.; Gisslinger, H. Tgf-beta1 induces bone marrow reticulin fibrosis in hairy cell leukemia. J. Clin. Investig. 2004, 113, 676–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Mangaonkar, A.A.; Gupta, H.R.; Bera, B.M.; Barmare, S. Bone marrow fibrosis and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2012, 2012, brc20122007348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Zhao, Y.; Guo, J.; Zhao, S.; Wang, R.; Shi, L.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Song, L.; Wu, D.; Chang, C. Bone marrow fibrosis at diagnosis and during the course of disease is associated with tp53 mutations and adverse prognosis in primary myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancers 2022, 14, 2984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Kuter, D.J.; Bain, B.; Mufti, G.; Bagg, A.; Hasserjian, R.P. Bone marrow fibrosis: Pathophysiology and clinical significance of increased bone marrow stromal fibres. Br. J. Haematol. 2007, 139, 351–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Napolitano, M.; Saccullo, G.; Marietta, M.; Carpenedo, M.; Castaman, G.; Cerchiara, E.; Chistolini, A.; Contino, L.; De Stefano, V.; Falanga, A.; et al. Platelet cut-off for anticoagulant therapy in thrombocytopenic patients with blood cancer and venous thromboembolism: An expert consensus. Blood Transfus. 2019, 17, 171–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Price, G.L.; Pohl, G.M.; Xie, J.; Walgren, R.A. A retrospective observational comparison of comorbidities between myeloproliferative neoplasm (mpn) patients and matched controls in a commercially insured us population. Blood 2011, 118, 3140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Gangat, N.; Szuber, N.; Jadoon, Y.; Farrukh, F.; Begna, K.; Elliott, M.A.; Wolanskyj-Spinner, A.P.; Hanson, C.A.; Pardanani, A.D.; De Stefano, V.; et al. 1.5 million platelet count limit at essential thrombocythemia diagnosis: Correlations and relevance to vascular events. Blood Adv. 2022, 6, 3835–3839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Rottenstreich, A.; Kleinstern, G.; Krichevsky, S.; Varon, D.; Lavie, D.; Kalish, Y. Factors related to the development of acquired von willebrand syndrome in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2017, 41, 49–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Tefferi, A.; Barbui, T. Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2021 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management. Am. J. Hematol. 2020, 95, 1599–1613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Koren-Michowitz, M.; Lavi, N.; Ellis, M.H.; Vannucchi, A.M.; Mesa, R.; Harrison, C.N. Management of extreme thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms: An international physician survey. Ann. Hematol. 2017, 96, 87–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Lucijanic, M.; Krecak, I.; Soric, E.; Sedinic, M.; Sabljic, A.; Derek, L.; Jaksic, O.; Kusec, R. Thrombocytosis in COVID-19 patients without myeloproliferative neoplasms is associated with better prognosis but higher rate of venous thromboembolism. Blood Cancer J. 2021, 11, 189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Enblom Larsson, A.E.L.; Renlund, H.; Andreasson, B.; Holmberg, H.; Liljeholm, M.; Själander, A. Myelofibrosis therapies and risk of major bleeding, thrombotic events and mortality, a matched nationwide population-based study. Blood 2024, 144, 4543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Kaifie, A.; Kirschner, M.; Wolf, D.; Maintz, C.; Hänel, M.; Gattermann, N.; Gökkurt, E.; Platzbecker, U.; Hollburg, W.; Göthert, J.R.; et al. Bleeding, thrombosis, and anticoagulation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (mpn): Analysis from the German sal-mpn-registry. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2016, 9, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Masarova, L.; Bose, P.; Daver, N.; Pemmaraju, N.; Newberry, K.J.; Manshouri, T.; Cortes, J.; Kantarjian, H.M.; Verstovsek, S. Patients with post-essential thrombocythemia and post-polycythemia vera differ from patients with primary myelofibrosis. Leuk. Res. 2017, 59, 110–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cancers 17 01390 g001
Figure 1. Frequencies of platelet count categories in patients with overt myelofibrosis at baseline.
Figure 1. Frequencies of platelet count categories in patients with overt myelofibrosis at baseline.
Cancers 17 01390 g001
Cancers 17 01390 g002
Figure 2. Overall survival of patients stratified by baseline platelet count.
Figure 2. Overall survival of patients stratified by baseline platelet count.
Cancers 17 01390 g002
Cancers 17 01390 g003
Figure 3. Time to thrombosis (TTT) stratified by baseline platelet count.
Figure 3. Time to thrombosis (TTT) stratified by baseline platelet count.
Cancers 17 01390 g003
Cancers 17 01390 g004
Figure 4. Time to bleeding (TTB) stratified by baseline platelet count.
Figure 4. Time to bleeding (TTB) stratified by baseline platelet count.
Cancers 17 01390 g004
Table 1. Patients’ characteristics stratified according to the presence of extreme thrombocytosis.
Table 1. Patients’ characteristics stratified according to the presence of extreme thrombocytosis.
Platelets > 1000 × 109/LPlatelets ≤ 1000 × 109/Lp Value
Nm. of patients10 (5.8%)162 (94.2%)-
Age (years)72 IQR (70.25–80)68 IQR (61–76)0.010 *
Male sex6/10 (60%)95/162 (58.6%)1.000
Etiology of myelofibrosis
PMF
Post-PV SMF
Post-ET SMF
5/10 (50%)
0/10 (0%)
5/10 (50%)
96/162 (59.3%)
37/162 (22.8%)
29/162 (17.9%)		0.025 *
BM fibrosis
Grade II
Grade III
8/10 (80%)
2/10 (20%)
104/162 (64.2%)
58/162 (35.8%)		0.497
JAK2mutated7/9 (77.8%)113/153 (73.9%)1.000
CALRmutated0/7 (0%)11/128 (8.6%)1.000
MPLmutated1/7 (14.3%)3/126 (2.4%)0.197
Constitutional symptoms3/10 (30%)86/162 (53.1%)0.200
Transfusion dependency5/10 (50%)46/162 (28.4%)0.164
Massive splenomegaly1/10 (10%)48/150 (32%)0.286
Spleen size under left costal margin (cm)0.5 IQR (0–1.75)5 IQR (1–10)0.015 *
WBC (×109/L)15.1 IQR (11.18–24.65)10.6 IQR (6.03–19.08)0.119
Circulatory blasts ≥1%3/10 (30%)73/162 (45.1%)0.515
ANC (×109/L)11.2 IQR (9.45–21.14)7.2 IQR (3.3–13.46)0.075
ALC (×109/L)1.6 IQR (1.38–2.53)1.4 IQR (1–2.15)0.202
Abs. mono. (×109/L)0.6 IQR (0.48–1.53)0.4 IQR (0.21–0.81)0.114
Abs. basophils (×109/L)0.2 IQR (0.1–0.3)0.1 IQR (0.05–0.3)0.643
NLR5.8 IQR (4.49–8.31)4.3 IQR (2.36–8.6)0.205
Hemoglobin level (g/L)108.5 IQR (80.25–110.75)102.5 IQR (88.25–123)0.862
MCV (fL)94.2 IQR (89–96)88 IQR (82.05–93.15)0.137
MCHC (g/L)313 IQR (293–315)318.5 IQR (307–329.25)0.013 *
RDW (%)19.3 IQR (17.3–25.4)19.6 IQR (18.25–21.75)0.912
Platelets (×109/L)1214.5 IQR (1147.25–1504.5)298.5 IQR (172.5–472.5)<0.001 *
MPV (fL)9 IQR (8.25–9.83)9.7 IQR (8.5–10.63)0.304
LDH (U/L)391 IQR (317.25–837.5)504.5 IQR (348–742.25)0.701
CRP (mg/L)6.7 IQR (2.7–9.7)5.9 IQR (2.3–13.3)0.763
Albumin (g/L)42.5 IQR (36.75–47)42 IQR (39–44.33)0.966
Uric acid (mmol/L)513 IQR (418–594.5)383.5 IQR (319–467)0.055
Ferritin (mcg/L)147 IQR (61.5–245.48)211 IQR (77–488.5)0.502
Serum creatinine (mcmol/L)112 IQR (96.25–142.75)84 IQR (71–101.25)0.007 *
Charlson comorbidity index3 IQR (3–4)3 IQR (2–5)0.455
CV risk factors10/10 (100%)99/145 (68.3%)0.034 *
Chronic kidney disease2/5 (40%)19/116 (16.4%)0.207
Arterial hypertension9/10 (90%)84/147 (57.1%)0.049
Diabetes mellitus0/10 (0%)24/149 (16.1%)0.361
Hyperlipoproteinemia2/10 (20%)22/140 (15.7%)0.662
Obesity0/8 (0%)6/115 (5.2%)1.000
Active smoking1/8 (12.5%)18/120 (15%)1.000
History of thrombosis1/10 (10%)28/162 (17.3%)1.000
DIPSS (PMF)
Low risk
Intermediate-1 risk
Intermediate-2 risk
High risk
0/5 (0%)
2/5 (40%)
1/5 (20%)
2/5 (40%)
4/96 (4.2%)
29/96 (30.2%)
53/96 (55.2%)
10/96 (10.4%)		0.174
MYSEC-PM (SMF)
Low risk
Intermediate-1 risk
Intermediate-2 risk
High risk
0/3 (0%)
2/3 (66.7%)
1/3 (33.3%)
0/3 (0%)
8/57 (14%)
20/57 (35.1%)
14/57 (24.6%)
15/57 (26.3%)		0.557
* statistically significant at level p < 0.05/Abbreviations: IQR—interquartile range, PMF—primary myelofibrosis, PV—polycythemia vera, SMF—secondary myelofibrosis, ET—essential thrombocythemia, BM—bone marrow, JAK2—Janus kinase 2, CALR—Calreticulin, MPL—thrombopoietin receptor, Massive splenomegaly—palpable spleen ≥10 cm under the left costal margin, WBC—white blood cells, ANC—absolute neutrophil count, ALC—absolute lymphocyte count, Abs.—absolute, NLR—neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, MCV—mean corpuscular volume, MCHC—mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RDW—red cell distribution width, MPV—mean platelet volume, LDH—lactate dehydrogenase, CRP—C reactive protein, CV—cardiovascular, DIPSS—Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System, MYSEC-PM—myelofibrosis secondary to PV and ET prognostic model.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lucijanic, M.; Krecak, I.; Soric, E.; Sabljic, A.; Galusic, D.; Holik, H.; Perisa, V.; Moric Peric, M.; Zekanovic, I.; Budimir, L.; et al. Extreme Thrombocytosis in Patients with Overt Myelofibrosis and Its Clinical Associations. Cancers 2025, 17, 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091390

AMA Style

Lucijanic M, Krecak I, Soric E, Sabljic A, Galusic D, Holik H, Perisa V, Moric Peric M, Zekanovic I, Budimir L, et al. Extreme Thrombocytosis in Patients with Overt Myelofibrosis and Its Clinical Associations. Cancers. 2025; 17(9):1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091390

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucijanic, Marko, Ivan Krecak, Ena Soric, Anica Sabljic, Davor Galusic, Hrvoje Holik, Vlatka Perisa, Martina Moric Peric, Ivan Zekanovic, Leonardo Budimir, and et al. 2025. "Extreme Thrombocytosis in Patients with Overt Myelofibrosis and Its Clinical Associations" Cancers 17, no. 9: 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091390

APA Style

Lucijanic, M., Krecak, I., Soric, E., Sabljic, A., Galusic, D., Holik, H., Perisa, V., Moric Peric, M., Zekanovic, I., Budimir, L., & Kusec, R. (2025). Extreme Thrombocytosis in Patients with Overt Myelofibrosis and Its Clinical Associations. Cancers, 17(9), 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091390

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop