Photocatalytic TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials for Microbial Inactivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials for Photocatalytic Inactivation of Microorganisms
2.1. Synthesis of Photocatalytic TiO2 Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Function
2.1.1. Sol-Gel Methods
2.1.2. Hydrothermal Methods
2.2. Preparation of TiO2/Metal Nanocomposites
2.2.1. TiO2/Ag-Based Nanocomposites
2.2.2. Coupling TiO2 with Other Metals and Metal Oxides
3. Activity of TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials against Bacteria, Fungi, and Virus
3.1. Antibacterial Activity of TiO2 Nanostructured Materials
3.1.1. Effect of TiO2 Nanostructure Characteristics
3.1.2. Effect of the Cell Membrane Structure
3.1.3. Effect of Bacterial Metabolism
3.1.4. Effect of Physiological State of Bacteria Cell and Environmental Stress
3.1.5. Intrinsic Antibacterial Activity of TiO2
3.2. Virus Inactivation
3.3. Fungi Inactivation
3.4. General Considerations
4. Technological Applications of Antimicrobial TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials
4.1. Environmental Applications
4.1.1. TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials for Water Disinfection
4.1.2. Immobilization of Nanocomposites on Membranes or Recoverable Supports
4.1.3. Anti-Biofouling Membranes for Water Treatment
4.2. TiO2 NPs-Based Nanocomposite against Biofouling on Building Materials
4.3. Photocatalytic TiO2 NPs-Based Nanocomposites for Biomaterials Disinfection
4.4. TiO2 NPs-Based Nanocomposites Designed for Disinfection of Food Packaging and Processing Materials
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalyst Loading | Light Source/Light Flux | Exposure Time | Strain | Cell Density | ||||
TiO2 | 66 and 950, nm, 44 µm | 10–5000 ppm | Sunlight | 360 min | E. coli, B. subtilis | OD600 = 0.002 | 45–75% | [85] |
TiO2 NPs | anatase/10–50 nm; rutile/25 nm; anatase-rutile/25 nm | 10–500 mg/L | Natural light | 180 min | E. coli | OD600 = 1 | 0–100% | [55] |
TiO2 | anatase/21 nm, 5 µm | 15 mg | BLB°/27W | 60, 180, 360 min | Porphyromonas gingivalis | OD660 = 0.2 | 0–80% | [56] |
TiO2 NPs | n.a. | 0.01–5 mM | Room light | n.a. | B. megaterium, E. coli | OD600 = 0.8–1 | Size of inhibition zone (disk agar diffusion method) | [66] |
TiO2 P25 | 20 nm | 0.05 g/L | UV-A bulb lamp/125W | 120–280 min | Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli | 6 log CFU/mL | tmax° = 15.4–204 min | [69] |
TiO2 NPs | anatase/7 nm; anatase-rutile (80:20 wt/wt) 21 nm | 0.78–100 μg/mL | UV light (315–400 nm)/n.a. | 24 h | Salmonella entericavar. Enteridis, E. coli, St aureus, B. cereus, Lb casei, Lb delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lb lactis subsp. lactis, Lb acidophilus | 7 log CFU/mL | OD650 = 0–0.8 | [71] |
TiO2 NPs | anatase-rutile/8–17 nm | 1 mg/cm2 | Sunlight irradiaton | 120 min | P. aeruginosa, St. aureus | 7 log CFU/mL | 100% | [74] |
TiO2 P25 | n.a. | 0.25–1 g/L | Solar irradiation | 180 min | E. coli, coliforms, Enterococcus spp. | 8 log CFU/mL | Eliminated in 0.5–2.5 h | [75] |
TiO2 NPs | 8 nm | 50–1200 mg/L | UV lamp/48W | 30 min | St. aureus, Lb casei rhamnosus, E. coli | 6 log CFU/mL | Mortality rate = 80–100% | [83] |
TiO2 P25 | 20 nm | 0.1–0.8 g/L | BLB/40W | 30–60 min | E. coli | 6 log CFU/mL | Log10(C/C0)° = −0.3–−3 | [90] |
TiO2 film | 100 nm | n.a. | BLB/15W | 4 h | E. coli | 2 × 105 CFU/mL | Survival ratio = 50% | [58] |
TiO2-coated glass | 200 nm | n.a. | BLB/0.1 mW/cm2 | 0–16 h | E. coli, Serratia marcescens, K. pneumoniaei, Acin. baumaii, P. aeruginosa, St. aureus, Enterococcus spp., Str. pneumoniae | 107 CFU/mL | 101–105 CFU/mL | [68] |
PE°-TiO2 film | n.a. | 0.031–0.051 TiO2 wt%/wt PE | Solar simulator/50W | 300 min | E. coli | 6 log CFU/mL | Eliminated in 55–260 min | [57] |
TiO2; Ag- TiO2 film | n.a. | n.a. | UV lamp (254 nm)/n.a. | 30 min | St. aureus, E. coli, B. cereus | 6 log CFU/mL | 4.5 log CFU/ml | [34] |
TiO2 NP TiO2:In2O3 TiO2/AgTiO2/Ag/Ni | anatase | n.a. | Hg lamp (filter 300–400 nm)/125W | 10 min | P. fluorescens, Lb lactis spp. lactis | n.a. | 1–3 log CFU/ml | [36] |
P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 | n.a. | 0.5 g/L | LED lamp/<0.3W | 20 min | E. coli | 107 CFU/mL | 0–107 CFU/mL | [62] |
Photocatalyst | Phase/Size | Experimental Parameters | Virus | Disinfection Efficiency | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalyst Loading (mg/L) | Light Source/Light Flux | Exposure Time | Strain | Cell Density | ||||
TiO2 P25 | anatase/25 nm | n.a. | Ambient light/n.a. | 0–30 days | Phage MS2 | 3–8 log PFU°/ml | Log10(C/C0) = 0.02–0.05 | [97] |
TiO2 P25 | anatase/rutile | n.a. | Low-pressure UV light/n.a. | n.a. | Bacteriophage PRD1, MS2, phi-X174, fr | n.a. | 4 log CFU/ml | [103] |
TiO2 | n.a. | n.a. | BLB°/1 mW | 8 h | Human influenza A | 4.0 × 108 PFU/ml | Complete in 5 min | [105] |
TiO2-coated glass | 200 nm | n.a. | BLB/0.1 mW/cm2 | 0–16 h | Influenza virus, feline calicivirus | 107 PFU/mL | 102–106 PFU/mL | [68] |
Cu-TiO2 nanofibers | n.a. | 25–150 | Xe lamp/0–130 mW/cm2 | 240 min | Bacteriophage f2 | 4 log PFU/ml | Q = 1–5.5 | [108] |
Cu2+/TiO2-coated cordierite | anatase | n.a. | FL20 BLB (λ = 351 nm)/0.001–0.1 mW/cm2 | 24 h | Qβ and T4 bacteriophage | n.a. | Complete in 4–8 h | [101] |
nAg/TiO2 | anatase | 100 | UV-A lamp/8W | 2 min | Phage MS2 | 3.0 × 107 PFU/mL | Inactivation rate = 1.6–6 log | [49] |
TiON/PdO | n.a. | 100 | Xe arc lam/1000W | 120 min | Phage MS2 | 3.0 × 108 PFU/mL | 1.5 log in 60 min | [96] |
HA°/TiO2 | n.a. | 0.125–0.5 | UV light/n.a. | 180 min | Influenza virus H1N1 | 107 TCID50°/mL | 2 log TCID50/mL | [53] |
SiO2-TiO2 | 25 nm | 1–102.6 | UV-A/8 W | 2 min | Phage MS2 | 104–1010 PFU/mL | 5 log in 1.8 min | [111] |
Photocatalyst | Phase/Size | Experimental Parameters | Fungi | Disinfection Efficiency | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalyst Loading | Light Source | Exposure Time | Strain | Cell Density | ||||
TiO2 P25 | anatase-rutile | 0.01 mg/mL | Sodium lamp/400W | 4 h | S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, A.niger | 1 × 105 CFU/mL | Completed in 120 min | [114] |
TiO2 NPs | 7 nm | 0–10–100 mg | BLB (UV-A)/20W | 72 h–14 gg | P. expansum | 2.5 × 105 conidia/mL | Score = 1.9 vs. 3.2 | [115] |
TiO2 P25 | anatase-rutile | n.a. | white light (356 nm)/2 × 15 W | 60 min | C. albicans | 106 CFU/mL | 2 log CFU/mL | [123] |
TiO2 P25 | anatase rutile phase | 100 mg/L | Natural sunlight | 5–6 h | Fusarium sp. spores | 102–103 CFU/mL | Completed in 4–5 h | [116] |
TiO2/Zn-Al | n.a. | n.a. | UV-A/n.a. | 5 days | A. niger | n.a. | Surface coverage (%) = 0–92.6 | [121] |
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De Pasquale, I.; Lo Porto, C.; Dell’Edera, M.; Petronella, F.; Agostiano, A.; Curri, M.L.; Comparelli, R. Photocatalytic TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials for Microbial Inactivation. Catalysts 2020, 10, 1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10121382
De Pasquale I, Lo Porto C, Dell’Edera M, Petronella F, Agostiano A, Curri ML, Comparelli R. Photocatalytic TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials for Microbial Inactivation. Catalysts. 2020; 10(12):1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10121382
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Pasquale, Ilaria, Chiara Lo Porto, Massimo Dell’Edera, Francesca Petronella, Angela Agostiano, Maria Lucia Curri, and Roberto Comparelli. 2020. "Photocatalytic TiO2-Based Nanostructured Materials for Microbial Inactivation" Catalysts 10, no. 12: 1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10121382