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Article

Room-Temperature Nitrophenol Reduction over Ag–CeO2 Catalysts: The Role of Catalyst Preparation Method

by
Mariia Chernykh
1,
Natalia Mikheeva
1,
Vladimir Zaikovskii
2,3,
Mikhail Salaev
1,
Leonarda F. Liotta
4 and
Grigory Mamontov
1,*
1
Laboratory of Catalytic Research, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
2
Laboratory of Structural Research Methods, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
3
Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
4
Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), (Italian) National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2020, 10(5), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050580
Submission received: 27 April 2020 / Revised: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 May 2020 / Published: 21 May 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DeNOx Systems and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) for Pollution Abatement in Catalysis)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Ag–CeO2 catalysts (20 mol % Ag) were synthesized using different techniques (co-precipitation, impregnation, and impregnation of pre-reduced ceria), characterized by XRD, N2 sorption, TEM, H2-TPR methods, and probed in room-temperature p-nitrophenol reduction into p-aminophenol in aqueous solution at atmospheric pressure. The catalyst preparation method was found to determine the textural characteristics, the oxidation state and distribution of silver and, hence, the catalytic activity in the p-nitrophenol reduction. The impregnation technique was the most favorable for the formation over the ceria surface of highly dispersed silver species that are active in the p-nitrophenol reduction (the first-order rate constant k = 0.656 min−1).

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Catalytic reduction of nitrocompounds is actively used in the cleaning of the environment from nitroarenes, including explosive nitrocompounds [1], and in industrial manufacturing of amino compounds [2]. Toxic properties of nitroarenes are presented in many publications [3,4]. There are several methods to reduce nitrocompounds, namely, chemical reduction [1], biological reduction [5], photocatalytic degradation [6], electrochemical methods [7], etc. However, the transformation of the nitrogroup into an aminogroup by catalytic hydrogenation is the most widely used, since it has low energy-intensiveness and does not use harmful organic solvents [8]. The liquid-phase reduction of nitroarenes has a significant environmental impact on wastewater purification and push for the decision by using new sorbents [9], catalysts and technical solutions [10].
Despite the fact that there have been many studies of the catalytic hydrogenation of nitroaromatics, many catalysts do not meet the requirements for practical use, and there are still several challenges:
1) Due to the high cost of Pd and Pt catalysts, the development of catalysts without Pt-group metals, such as Au-based ones, is required.
2) Carrying out selective hydrogenation with the preservation of other functional groups. In addition, controlling the degree of recovery of the nitrogroup to produce a fully hydrogenated amino group is of great interest.
3) Obtaining a material with a high catalytic performance, since the selectivity increase often leads to a decrease in activity.
Therefore, the elaboration of active, selective, and environmentally benign catalysts to synthesize amines is essential.
Catalysts based on noble metals [11] are used to reduce nitrocompounds under mild conditions. Contrary to other noble metals, silver is a cheaper raw material that possesses high chemical activity [12,13,14]. Recently, Liao et al. [15] overviewed the features of p-nitrophenol reduction over Ag catalysts. It was shown that several factors determine the catalytic properties of the deposited Ag particles: dispersion (particle size), particle shape, pretreatment conditions, the nature of the precursor, support, etc.
In our previous work, we showed that for Ag/CeO2, the metal–support interaction contributes to enhancing the catalytic activity in CO and soot oxidation [16]. For CeO2 support, in addition to its unique redox properties, the strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) and electronic metal–support interaction (EMSI) are characteristic phenomena having an impact on the following oxidation processes: electro-oxidation of methanol [17], CO oxidation [18], hydrogenation of quinolones [19], photocatalytic reactions [20]. The role of the features of the metal–support interaction in reduction processes is poorly discussed in the literature [21], especially for Ag/CeO2 catalysts [22,23].
In the present work by varying some experimental conditions with respect to the Ag/CeO2 series previously reported [16], we have synthesized three Ag–CeO2 catalysts with relatively high Ag loading (20 mol. % corresponding to ~13.6 wt. %). Different techniques have been used in order to control Ag oxidation state and particle size distribution, as well as Ag–CeO2 interfacial interaction. Depending on the preparation method, the catalysts were labeled as follows: Ag–CeO2 (by co-precipitation method), Ag/CeO2 (impregnation of the as-prepared ceria) and Ag/CeO2(red) (impregnation of pre-reduced ceria).
The p-nitrophenol reduction into p-aminophenol in aqueous media with NaBH4 under mild conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure) was studied over the prepared Ag–CeO2 catalysts.

2. Results

2.1. Result of N2 Sorption

The porous structures of the samples were studied with low-temperature N2 adsorption. The adsorption–desorption isotherms of ceria are characterized by the hysteresis loop in the range of relative pressures of 0.75–1.0 (Figure 1a) indicating a broad distribution of mesopores in the structure [24]. For silver-containing catalysts, the hysteresis loops are smaller and shifted to relative pressures of 0.9–1.0, indicating the decreased amount of mesopores and the formation of wide pores or interparticle voids. The pore size distribution images (Figure 1b) show that CeO2 has mesopores and macropores with widths in the range of ~5–100 nm and a maximum distribution at 13 nm. The specific surface (SBET) for CeO2 sample is 30 m2/g (Table 1).
As results from the shape of isotherms and pore size distribution (Figure 1) and according to the values listed in Table 1, the textural properties of ceria were strongly modified upon introduction of silver, and the changes are a function of the catalyst preparation method. The Ag–CeO2 catalyst prepared by co-precipitation possesses a specific surface of ~12 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.039 сm3/g. The contribution of pores of 10–100 nm is negligible (Figure 1b). The noticeable change of the porous structure of such Ag–CeO2 sample as compared to CeO2 may be due to the Ag+–Се3+ redox reaction during the co-precipitation in alkaline condition [25]:
[Ag(NH3)2]OH + Ce(OH)3 → Ag + CeO2 + 2 NH3·H2O
The Ag/CeO2(red) and Ag/CeO2 catalysts prepared by impregnation techniques have surface area as low as ~6 m2/g (Table 1) and are characterized by 10–100-nm pores. The comparison of the porous structure of these catalysts with the pattern of CeO2 support allows the conclusion that silver is predominantly localized in the pores with sizes below 20 nm, leading to a considerable decrease of both SBET and Vpore values and to an increase in the average pore size distribution.
Based on the data reported so far, it emerges that the catalyst preparation method (co-precipitation or impregnation) affects their textural properties. The redox reaction between Ce3+ and Ag+ ions causes the decrease of SBET and the suppression of mesopores in the range of ~10–100 nm. Impregnation with silver leads to significant changes in the ceria porous structure, the decreased values of specific surface and pore volume are likely due to filling of the support pores by a relatively high amount of silver nanoparticles (13.6 wt. %), as well as to the second calcination treatment at 500 °C of the catalyst. The reductive pre-treatment of ceria support followed by the redox reaction of Ag+ with the surface Ce3+ species in the impregnating solution does not influence the textural characteristics.

2.2. XRD

Figure 2 shows the XRD patterns for the obtained materials; in Table 2, the structural parameters are listed. Reflections of cubic CeO2 are observed for all samples. In Figure 2b the enlarged region of the CeO2 (111) peak at ~28.6° 2ϴ is displayed. The peak for the ceria support is not symmetric with an evident shoulder at slightly lower 2ϴ value that may indicate the defectiveness of ceria particles and high concentration of Ce3+ ions [26,27]. This finding is in agreement with the precipitation conditions used in the present work as reported by Yamazaki et al. [25] to obtain a core–shell structure. The fast addition of ammonia solution to a small volume of water containing Ce(NO3)3·6H2O led to the precipitation of highly defective ceria (d(111) = 3.131 Å) with small crystallite size, 8.8 nm, see Table 2). Co-precipitation of AgNO3 and Ce(NO3)3·6H2O in the same conditions as for the bare support, produced a well-crystalline ceria structure (d(111) = 3.121 Å). The size of ceria crystallites for the Ag–CeO2 sample is 16.7 nm, which is significantly higher than for CeO2 oxide, and may be a result of the abovementioned redox reaction that occurred during the co-precipitation. Thus, a significant agglomeration and growth of ceria may happen in the case of co-precipitation with the silver precursor.
Sintering of ceria particles also occurs for both Ag/CeO2 and Ag/CeO2(red) catalysts, and this was attributed to the reduction of the ceria support and successive calcination treatment. The observed growth of ceria crystal sizes correlates with the decreased SBET and pore volumes (Table 1) observed for all silver catalysts in comparison with CeO2. The d(111)CeO2 values for catalysts prepared by impregnation are close to that for the CeO2 support.
The reflections at ~38°, 44°, 65° 2ϴ, well detectable for Ag/CeO2(red) and Ag-CeO2 catalysts (see Figure 2c), correspond to metallic silver phase. The formation of Ag0 may be a result of the redox reaction during the impregnation of the pre-reduced ceria and co-precipitation. For the co-precipitated Ag–CeO2 sample, metallic silver crystallites with the sizes of up to 17 nm are formed (Table 2). The shape of the Ag peak for such a catalyst may indicate the presence of silver particles (crystallites) with different sizes, namely, the broadening could be due to small silver particles (below 5 nm, see HR-TEM), while the thin peak corresponds to relatively large particles. Particles of metallic silver with the size equal to 12 nm were found for Ag/CeO2 (red), but in this case, too, the presence of smaller particles cannot be excluded, as confirmed by HR-TEM.
The absence of reflections of metallic Ag in the XRD pattern of Ag/CeO2 may be due to its distribution predominantly in oxidative state and/or in highly dispersed species (less than 3 nm) that are below the detection limit of the XRD technique.

2.3. TEM Studies

The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy was employed to study the structure of the obtained samples. Figure 3 shows the structure of the Ag–CeO2 catalyst prepared by co-precipitation. Spherical aggregates with a diameter of ~400 nm are formed as a result of co-precipitation of silver and ceria nitrate accompanied by the redox reaction between Ag+ and Ce3+. The formation of similar Ag–CeO2 agglomerates with a diameter of 200 nm was observed in Ref. [25] when silver and ceria precursors were co-precipitated, while the Ag loading was 39 wt. % and the core–shell structure was formed because of the agglomeration of CeO2 particles around Ag cores (~50 nm). In our case, the Ag loading was much lower, ~13.6 wt. %, and silver cores were not formed. TEM images (Figure 3c,d) show that the catalyst contains aggregated particles with sizes of 5–20 nm. The measured interplanar distances correspond to metallic silver (d111 = 2.3 Å) and ceria (d111 = 3.1 Å) structures.
In Figure 4, the HR TEM images for the catalysts prepared by impregnation are displayed. The samples appear as aggregated ceria particles with sizes of ~10 nm, which is in line with the XRD results. Small silver particles with a diameter of up to 5 nm are formed in the case of Ag/CeO2 catalyst. This explains the absence of Ag-related reflexes in the XRD patterns because of the small sizes of Ag particles. Additionally, some metallic silver particles may be formed immediately during the TEM studies because of the instability of silver oxide species under vacuum and the action of the electron beam. The same distribution of Ag nanoparticles takes place for the Ag/CeO2(red) catalysts (Figure 4c,d).

2.4. H2-TPR

The reduction properties of the prepared materials were studied by temperature-programmed reduction technique by using 10 vol. % H2/Ar. Figure 5a shows the H2-TPR profiles for all samples. Two temperature regions characterize the CeO2 reduction: the reduction of bulk ceria occurs at 750–900 °C, while the peak at 300–600 °C corresponds to the ceria surface reduction [28]. For the Ag-containing samples, additional low-temperature hydrogen consumption features are observed. The peak at 130 °C may be assigned to Ag2O reduction [29], the peak at 150–250 °C was connected with the reduction of surface ceria in the presence of silver [30]. The hydrogen consumption at 70–250 °C may also be attributed to the reduction of mixed Ag-Ce oxide species or to reduction of the species at the Ag–CeO2 interface [31].
The TPR profiles for the catalysts show that the peak of CeO2 surface reduction is significantly shifted from 300–600 °C (CeO2 sample) to ~100–250 °C, which is caused by the Ag–CeO2 interfacial interaction. Thus, cooperation of the active species of silver and CeO2 is expected in the oxidative or reductive catalytic processes [23]. Since the intensities of the H2 consumption peaks at 70–250 °C are higher for Ag/CeO2(red) and Ag/CeO2 catalysts compared to the one for Ag–CeO2 catalyst prepared by the co-precipitation, this may be a result of both more homogeneous distribution of Ag particles on ceria support surface and smaller sizes of silver particles according to the data of TEM and XRD characterizations.

2.5. Catalytic Properties

The catalytic properties of the synthesized catalysts were investigated in p-nitrophenol reduction into p-aminophenol at ambient conditions using the NaBH4 as a reductive agent. Figure 5b shows the UV-Vis spectra of the aqueous solution during the reduction of n-nitrophenol over the Ag-CeO2 catalyst. The absorption band at 400 nm is typical for the nitrophenolate ion [32], and the one at ~300 nm corresponds to p-aminophenol. The intensity of the former band decreases indicating the p-nitrophenol conversion in the presence of the catalyst and NaBH4. Total conversion is achieved for 10 min. At the same time, the intensity of the latter absorption band increases that indicates an increase in the concentration of aminophenol in the solution. Moreover, during the whole reaction, the color of the reaction mixture changes from yellow to colorless.
Figure 6a shows the changes of p-nitrophenol concentration with time of stirring of the aqueous solution with NaBH4, with or without the catalyst. It can be seen that there is no reaction without the catalysts for 30 min. CeO2 weakly catalyzes the reaction, and the p-nitrophenol conversion of ~20% (C/C0 = 0.8) is achieved within 30 min. The reaction rate over Ag-containing catalysts is significantly higher. Thus, the time of complete conversion of p-nitrophenol over the Ag–CeO2 catalyst is ~10 min, while those for Ag/CeO2 and Ag/CeO2(red) catalysts are ~4 and ~8 min, respectively.
The mechanism of the catalytic reduction of nitroarenes with NaBH4 can be considered within the framework of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood theory: borohydride ions interact with the catalyst surface to produce adsorbed H atoms [33]. Simultaneously, the molecules of p-nitrophenol are adsorbed on the surface of Ag nanoparticles. Assuming that both steps (the diffusion of 4-nitrophenol from the volume of the solution to the surface of the catalyst and its adsorption on the surface of Ag nanoparticles) are rapid, the reduction of the adsorbed 4-nitrophenol by hydrogen atoms activated on the catalyst surface comprises the rate-determining step. Since the excess of NaBH4 toward 4-nitrophenol was used, the activated hydrogen on the catalyst surface can be assumed constant. Consequently, this process can be considered a pseudo-first order reaction [34,35] and a linear dependence of the ln(C/C0) versus time was found (Figure 6b). The reaction rate constants were calculated based on the slope constants of the straight-line equations and are listed in Table 3. The highest rate constant (k) is observed for Ag/CeO2 catalyst. The lowest k value belongs to the Ag–CeO2 catalyst. Table 3 compares the activities of different noble metal catalysts. The activity of the synthesized catalysts is higher or close to other Ag catalysts and even comparable with some Pd- or Pt-based catalysts [34,35,36,37,38].

3. Discussion

We found that the prepared silver-based catalysts exhibited different activity in the p-nitrophenol reduction under ambient conditions in accordance with the effects of the preparation method that affected the oxidation state of silver and the size of metal particles, their dispersion on the surface or within the catalyst, and interaction with the ceria support.
The Ag–CeO2 prepared by the co-precipitation method is characterized by the formation of spherical agglomerates. The XRD data shows that both small and large metallic Ag particles are formed in this catalyst, owing to the redox reaction between silver and ceria precursors during the co-precipitation. This catalyst showed the lowest activity. According to Ref. [15], the activity of silver-based catalysts in nitrophenol reduction is mainly determined by silver active sites dispersed on the catalyst surface. Accordingly, we can assume that the relatively low activity of the Ag–CeO2 catalyst is connected with the Ag distribution both on the surface and inside the agglomerates, and only a part of silver is accessible for the reaction. Additionally, the dispersion of silver should be considered, and the high amount of relatively large silver particles in Ag–CeO2 leads to a decreased active surface of silver and, therefore, to low activity.
The catalysts prepared by the impregnation techniques, especially for Ag/CeO2, are characterized by higher activity than the co-precipitated one. TEM and XRD data show that silver is stabilized predominantly in a highly dispersed form, i.e., the active surface of silver is higher than that for Ag–CeO2 catalyst. In the TPR profiles, the increased intensity of the low-temperature peaks for the catalysts prepared by impregnation indicates that silver is well dispersed, likely present as silver oxide and/or as mixed silver-cerium oxide species, and it is in good contact with the ceria surface. The area of these peaks is connected with the amount of easily reducible silver oxide-like species. It is expected that the reduction of this oxidized silver species by NaBH4 occurs during the catalytic reaction with the formation of highly active metallic silver species well interacting with ceria surface. The highest amount of this species for Ag/CeO2 catalyst correlates with the highest activity of this catalyst.
As for the Ag/CeO2(red), the additional reductive pretreatment of ceria support before the impregnation leads to the partial reduction of silver during the impregnation and formation of relatively large silver particles. This explains the lower activity of the Ag/CeO2(red) catalyst as compared to the one of Ag/CeO2. Thus, the activity of Ag/CeO2 catalysts is mainly determined by the active surface of silver, and Ag stabilization in a highly dispersed state appears favorable when Ag was deposited by the classical impregnation technique that resulted suitable for the preparation of Ag/CeO2 catalyst with high activity in the p-nitrophenol reduction.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Synthesis of Catalysts

Ceria-based catalysts were prepared by two methods: precipitation [25,39] and impregnation [40]. The Ag–CeO2 catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation method using mixed aqueous solution of AgNO3 (2.1 g) and Ce(NO3)3·6H2O (21.8 g), where the diluted ammonia solution (11.6 mL of 25% NH4OH solution diluted with 36.2 ml of H2O) was added at room temperature immediately with a rotary stirrer (350 rpm). Stirring for 1 min was used, then the co-precipitate was evenly heated by steam for 10 min in an autoclave at 120 °C. The co-precipitate was centrifuged, washed by distilled water, dried overnight at 120 °C, and calcined at 500 °C for 5 h in air. The Ag loading in the synthesized catalysts was 20 mol. % (corresponding to ~13.6 wt. %). The CeO2 support was synthesized by the same method via precipitation of cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate with ammonia solution.
Two Ag/CeO2 catalysts with Ag loading of 20 mol. % were synthesized with impregnation techniques using ceria prepared by precipitation and calcined at 500 °C for 5h. The as-prepared ceria or the one pre-reduced at a temperature of 500 °C for 30 min in H2/Ar flow (10 vol. % H2) were impregnated with an AgNO3 aqueous solution. Then the samples were dried at 120 °C overnight and calcined at 500 °C for 1 h. The catalysts were denoted as Ag/CeO2 (as-prepared ceria as a support) and Ag/CeO2(red) (pre-reduced ceria as support), respectively. The reductive pretreatment of ceria support yields surface Ce3+ species. The subsequent impregnation with AgNO3 results in the redox reaction between Ce3+sur. and Ag+aq. to yield Ce4+ and Ag, and the enhanced interfacial Ag–CeO2 interaction [16]. The Ce3+ and Ag(NH3)2+ ions participate in the same redox reaction during the co-precipitation of the corresponding nitrates by ammonia solution.

4.2. Materials Characterization

The porous structures of the obtained materials were investigated using the low-temperature N2 adsorption (−196 °C) at an automatic gas adsorption analyzer TriStar 3020 (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA). The multipoint BET method using the flattening of the adsorption isotherms (the p/p0 range was from 0.05 to 0.30) was applied to calculate specific surface area (SBET). The BJH-Desorption method accompanied by the analysis of the desorption branches of the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms was employed to estimate the pore size distributions. Prior to the experiments, the degassing of the samples (50–80 mg) at 200 °C and 100 mtorr for 2 h was used.
The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out on the Miniflex 600 diffractometer Riguku (Austin, TX, USA) with CuKα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) equipped with a monochromator to study the phase composition of the prepared materials. The scanning rate was 0.2 deg/min, and the 2Θ range was 2–90°. The PCPDFWIN databases and the full-profile analysis program POWDER CELL 2.4 were used. The coherent scattering region (CSR) and Scherrer equation were used to estimate the particle sizes.
The electron microscope JEM-2200 FS (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to investigate the sample structure with the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR TEM). The resolution was 0.1 nm, the accelerating voltage was 200 kV. The DigMicrograph (GATAN) software allowed determining the crystal lattice parameters by applying the Fourier transform.
The temperature-programmed reduction in hydrogen (H2-TPR) on the chemisorption analyzer ChemiSorb 2750 (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA) made it possible to study the features of the sample reduction. The thermal conductivity detector (TCD signal) was used. The heating rate was 10°/min, the flow comprised an argon–hydrogen mixture (10 vol. % H2). The flow rate was 20 mL/min.

4.3. Catalytic Activity Test

The room-temperature (25 °C) p-nitrophenol reduction with NaBH4 was used to study the catalytic properties of the prepared materials in aqueous media and at atmospheric pressure. Firstly, 28.9 mg of NaBH4 were added into 50 mL of aqueous solution of p-nitrophenol (0.15 mmol/L) under rapid magnetic stirring to produce a homogeneous solution. The stirring rate was 700 rpm and it was previously optimized to carry out the reaction under these conditions in a kinetic mode. Then 6 mg of the as-synthesized catalyst was added to the mixture under stirring. The yellow color of the solution was due to the light absorption by p-nitrophenolate ion (maximum at 400 nm). The ion was formed through the p-nitrophenol dissociation under basic conditions. During the catalytic experiments, the color change from bright yellow to colorless was observed due to the p-nitrophenolate conversion into p-aminophenol. The spectrometer Solar PB 60 was used to measure the UV-Vis spectra and control the reaction progress.

5. Conclusions

Herein, the effect of the preparation method on the activity of Ag–CeO2 catalysts in the room-temperature p-nitrophenol reduction was shown. The co-precipitation of Ag and Ce nitrates by ammonia yielded Ag–CeO2 agglomerates with sizes of ~400 nm consisting of aggregated metallic Ag and CeO2 particles with size ranging from few nm to 5–20 nm. The activity of this catalyst is relatively low due to the distribution of silver particles both inside the agglomerates and on the catalyst surface. The impregnation technique was favorable for the preparation of oxidized Ag species well dispersed on the ceria surface with high activity in the p-nitrophenol reduction. This finding was associated with the formation of active metallic silver nanoparticles homogeneously distributed on the external surface of ceria during the catalytic reaction. The pre-reduction of ceria support before impregnation did not lead to increased activity because of the formation of large and less active silver particles due to the redox reaction between Ag+aq ions with Ce3+sur species.
In conclusion, the Ag/CeO2 catalyst prepared by impregnation technique is characterized by high activity in p-nitrophenol reduction (the first-order rate constant k = 0.656 min−1) in aqueous media and may be explored as cheaper counterparts of Pt or Pd catalysts.

Author Contributions

M.C.: investigation (synthesis, characterization, catalytic tests), writing—original draft preparation; N.M.: methodology, investigation (characterization), writing—review and editing; V.Z.: TEM studies, writing—original draft preparation (TEM); M.S.: methodology, writing—review and editing; L.F.L.: writing—review and editing; G.M.: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by RUSSIAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION, grant number 18-73-10109.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. The isotherms of N2 adsorption-desorption (a) and the corresponding pore size distributions (BJH-Desorption method) (b) for CeO2 and catalysts.
Figure 1. The isotherms of N2 adsorption-desorption (a) and the corresponding pore size distributions (BJH-Desorption method) (b) for CeO2 and catalysts.
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Catalysts 10 00580 g002 550
Figure 2. The powder XRD patterns for catalysts: panoramic spectrum (a), the detailed peaks of CeO2 (111) (b) and Ag (111) (c).
Figure 2. The powder XRD patterns for catalysts: panoramic spectrum (a), the detailed peaks of CeO2 (111) (b) and Ag (111) (c).
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Catalysts 10 00580 g003 550
Figure 3. TEM (a,b,d) and HR-TEM (c) images of Ag–CeO2 catalyst.
Figure 3. TEM (a,b,d) and HR-TEM (c) images of Ag–CeO2 catalyst.
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Catalysts 10 00580 g004 550
Figure 4. The HR TEM images for Ag/CeO2 (a,b) and Ag/CeO2(red) (c,d) catalysts.
Figure 4. The HR TEM images for Ag/CeO2 (a,b) and Ag/CeO2(red) (c,d) catalysts.
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Catalysts 10 00580 g005 550
Figure 5. The H2-TPR profiles for CeO2 and catalysts (a), and UV-vis spectra during the reduction of p-nitrophenol over Ag-CeO2 catalyst (b).
Figure 5. The H2-TPR profiles for CeO2 and catalysts (a), and UV-vis spectra during the reduction of p-nitrophenol over Ag-CeO2 catalyst (b).
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Catalysts 10 00580 g006 550
Figure 6. The dependences of p-nitrophenol concentration on time for different catalysts (a) and corresponding linearization of kinetic data in pseudo-first order coordinates (b).
Figure 6. The dependences of p-nitrophenol concentration on time for different catalysts (a) and corresponding linearization of kinetic data in pseudo-first order coordinates (b).
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Table
Table 1. Textural characteristics of the Ag catalysts and CeO2 support.
Table 1. Textural characteristics of the Ag catalysts and CeO2 support.
SampleSBET (m2/g)Vpore (сm3/g)Dpore (nm) *
CeO230.40.12813
Ag–CeO211.90.039-
Ag/CeO25.60.05427
Ag/CeO2 (red)5.60.03727
* Pore width at the maximum of distribution curve (dV/dW pore volume vs pore width).
Table
Table 2. Structural parameters of the Ag catalysts and CeO2 support.
Table 2. Structural parameters of the Ag catalysts and CeO2 support.
Sampled(111)CeO2 (Å)DCeO2 (nm) ad (111)Ag (Å)DAg (nm) a
CeO23.1318.8 ± 1.0--
Ag–CeO23.12116.7 ± 1.82.36117.0 ± 1.1
Ag/CeO23.1309.9 ± 1.3--
Ag/CeO2 (red)3.12614.1 ±1.52.36212.3 ± 0.7
ICSD * reference files b3.121-2.359-
a D (nm) particle size calculated by Scherrer equation, * Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, b FIZ Karlsruhe.
Table
Table 3. The activity of noble metal catalysts in reduction of nitroarenes with NaBH4.
Table 3. The activity of noble metal catalysts in reduction of nitroarenes with NaBH4.
Сatalystst (min)k (min−1)Ref.
Ag/CeO2 (red)60.465This work
Ag-CeO2110.232This work
Ag/CeO280.656This work
Ag@BCN60.196[34]
AgNPs/PAN700.046[35]
Ag@CeO270.32[36]
Ag@CeO2-1.96[37]
Pd/C (commercial)60.77[38]
Pt/C300.058[38]
Pd/Fe2O350.359[38]

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Chernykh, M.; Mikheeva, N.; Zaikovskii, V.; Salaev, M.; Liotta, L.F.; Mamontov, G. Room-Temperature Nitrophenol Reduction over Ag–CeO2 Catalysts: The Role of Catalyst Preparation Method. Catalysts 2020, 10, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050580

AMA Style

Chernykh M, Mikheeva N, Zaikovskii V, Salaev M, Liotta LF, Mamontov G. Room-Temperature Nitrophenol Reduction over Ag–CeO2 Catalysts: The Role of Catalyst Preparation Method. Catalysts. 2020; 10(5):580. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050580

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chernykh, Mariia, Natalia Mikheeva, Vladimir Zaikovskii, Mikhail Salaev, Leonarda F. Liotta, and Grigory Mamontov. 2020. "Room-Temperature Nitrophenol Reduction over Ag–CeO2 Catalysts: The Role of Catalyst Preparation Method" Catalysts 10, no. 5: 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050580

APA Style

Chernykh, M., Mikheeva, N., Zaikovskii, V., Salaev, M., Liotta, L. F., & Mamontov, G. (2020). Room-Temperature Nitrophenol Reduction over Ag–CeO2 Catalysts: The Role of Catalyst Preparation Method. Catalysts, 10(5), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050580

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