Synthesis and Application of Innovative and Environmentally Friendly Photocatalysts: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Innovative Methods for Doping Photocatalysts: Codoped Photocatalysts
3. Main Synthesis Methods of Doped and Codoped Catalysts
4. Recent Application of Innovative Photocatalysts
4.1. Photocatalytic Removal of Orgainic Dyes from Aqueous Solution
4.2. Photocatalytic Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Aqueous Solution
4.3. Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenolic Compounds
5. Innovative Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
5.1. Noble Metal Free Photocatalyst for H2 Production
5.2. Green Synthesis of Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
6. Conclusions
7. Future Development
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Doping or Codoping Element | Light Source | Application |
---|---|---|---|
Fe-TiO2 | Fe | visible | Para-niro phenol and methylene blue degradation |
Ni-TiO2 | Ni | solar | Ibuprofen degradation |
Bi-TiO2 | Bi | solar | Ibuprofen degradation |
Cu-TiO2 | Cu | visible | Red 198 dye removal |
Pr-TiO2 | (RE Element): Pr | visible | RhB and Crystal violet dyes removal |
N-TiO2 | Non metal: N | solar | Dyes removal |
S-TiO2 | Non metal: S | visible | Methyl orange and phenol removal |
Fe-Cu-TiO2 | Fe and Cu | visible | Methylene blue removal |
Fe-Pr-TiO2 | Fe and Pr | visible | AO7 dye removal |
Cu-N-TiO2 | Fe and Cu | visible | Pyrene removal |
Catalyst | Preparation Method | Treatment Time (min) | Target Dye | Dye Concentration (ppm) | Degradation Efficiency (%) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | methylene blue | 30 | 93 | [123] |
Mn-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 180 | methylene blue | 10 | 97 | [124] |
Mn-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 300 | methylene blue | 160 | 75 | [125] |
Ni-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 180 | methylene blue | 5 | 98 | [126] |
Ni-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 60 | methylene blue | 10 | 93 | [26] |
Sn-TiO2 | sol gel | 120 | methylene blue | 20 | 77 | [127] |
Al-TiO2 | sol gel | 180 | rhodamine B | 10 | 89 | [128] |
Al-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | Acid orange 7 | 5 | 99 | [129] |
Si-TiO2 | sol gel | 120 | methylene blue | 10 | 87 | [130] |
Pt-TiO2 | Hydrothermal | 90 | rhodamine B | 10 | 99.5 | [131] |
Pd-TiO2 | sol gel | 120 | methylene blue | 20 | 99.4 | [132] |
Fe-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | acid orange 7 | 10 | 73 | [77]. |
Fe-TiO2 | sol gel and mechanical alloying | 240 | methylene blue | 2 | 78 | [133] |
Pr-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | acid orange 7 | 10 | - | [81] |
C-TiO2 | sol gel | 100 | methylene blue | 10 | 100 | [134] |
N-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | acid orange 7 | 10 | 55 | [77] |
I-TiO2 | sol gel | 240 | rhodamine B | 20 | 95 | [135] |
S-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 70 | rhodamine B | 10 | 95 | [57] |
C-N-TiO2 | solvothermal | 90 | Rhodamine B | 20 | 94 | [86] |
Fe-N-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | Acid orange 7 | 10 | 83 | [77] |
Fe-Pr-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | Acid orange 7 | 10 | 80 | [81] |
Fe-Ce-TiO2 | sol gel | 120 | methylene blue | 4 | 86 | [136] |
Fe-La-TiO2 | sol gel | 180 | methylene blue | 0.1 | 44 | [65] |
F-N-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 300 | methylene blue | 5 | 97 | [137] |
Catalyst | Preparation Method | Treatment Time (min) | Target EC | EC Concentration (ppm) | Degradation Efficiency (%) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ce-TiO2 | sol gel | 60 | tetracycline | 20 | 93 | [150] |
Bi-TiO2 | sol gel | 360 | Ibuprofen | 25 | 89 | [29] |
Ni-TiO2 | sol gel | 360 | Ibuprofen | 25 | 50 | [29] |
N-TiO2 | sol gel | 1200 | mecoprop | 580 | 50 | [151] |
Fe-TiO2 | sol gel | 75 | Paraquat dichloride | 30 | 98 | [152] |
Fe-TiO2 | sol gel | 200 | Gesaprim Herbicide | 40 | 90 | [153] |
Mn-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 300 | glyphosate | 6 | 75 | [154] |
N-TiO2 | sol gel | 330 | lindane | 100 | 100 | [154] |
Cr-TiO2 | sol gel | 330 | lindane | 100 | 30 | [154] |
Ag-TiO2 | sol gel | 330 | lindane | 100 | 23 | [154] |
Fe-TiO2 | sol gel | 330 | lindane | 100 | 10 | [154] |
Fe-Cr-TiO2 | sol gel | 330 | lindane | 100 | 37 | [154] |
N-S-TiO2 | sol gel | 90 | aldicarb pesticide | 19 | >80% | [155] |
Fe-N-TiO2 | sol gel | 240 | amoxicillin | 30 | 59 | [156] |
Fe-N-TiO2 | sol gel | 240 | streptomycin | 30 | 50 | [156] |
Cu-S-TiO2 | sol gel | 90 | ciprofloxacin | 15 | 100 | [157] |
Fe-N-P-TiO2 | sol gel | 180 | thiachloprid | 0.5 | 29 | [158] |
C-N-B-F-TiO2 | sol gel | 480 | thiamethoxam | 87.5 | 65 | [159] |
C-N-B-F-TiO2 | sol gel | 450 | imidacloprid | 24 | 71 | [159] |
Catalyst | Preparation Method | Treatment Time (min) | Target Phenolic Compound | Phenolic Compound (ppm) | Degradation Efficiency (%) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-TiO2 | hydrolysis precipitation | 120 | phenol | 50 | 100 | [171] |
N-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 120 | phenol | 20 | 36 | [172] |
N-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 600 | phenol | 25 | 81 | [170] |
Ag-TiO2 | sol gel impregnation | 360 | 4-chlorophenol | 10 | 73.5 | [173] |
Fe-TiO2 | sol gel | 210 | phenol | 10 | 30 | [174] |
N-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 600 | 4-chlorophenol | 130 | 17 | [99] |
Sm-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 600 | 4-chlorophenol | 130 | 1.5 | [175] |
Ce-TiO2 | sol gel | 240 | 2-chlorophenol | 10 | 100 | [176] |
Fe -TiO2 | sol-gel and mechanical alloying | 240 | phenol | 5 | 40 | [133] |
Sm–N-TiO2 | hydrothermal | 600 | 4-chlorophenol | 130 | 40 | [175] |
N-Zr-TiO2 | sol–gel | 1400 | 4-nitrophenol | 14 | 68 | [177] |
Cr-V-TiO2 | sol gel | 180 | phenol | 5 | 50 | [178] |
Pt(II)-Cr-TiO2 | sol gel | 180 | phenol | 5 | 70 | [178] |
Fe-Pr-TiO2 | sol gel | 240 | phenol | 10 | 66 | [81] |
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Mancuso, A.; Iervolino, G. Synthesis and Application of Innovative and Environmentally Friendly Photocatalysts: A Review. Catalysts 2022, 12, 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101074
Mancuso A, Iervolino G. Synthesis and Application of Innovative and Environmentally Friendly Photocatalysts: A Review. Catalysts. 2022; 12(10):1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101074
Chicago/Turabian StyleMancuso, Antonietta, and Giuseppina Iervolino. 2022. "Synthesis and Application of Innovative and Environmentally Friendly Photocatalysts: A Review" Catalysts 12, no. 10: 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101074