Recent Advancements in Photocatalysis Coupling by External Physical Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Thermal-Coupled Photocatalysis (TCP)
2.1. The Primary Source of Thermal Energy
2.1.1. External Direct Heating
2.1.2. Near-Infrared Indirect Heating
2.1.3. Microwave Indirect Heating
2.2. Materials of Thermal-Coupled Photocatalysis
2.2.1. Metallic Materials with Localized Surface Plasmon Effect
2.2.2. Narrow-Band Semiconductors with Non-Radiative Relaxation
2.2.3. Carbon-Based Materials with Thermal Vibration
2.3. Applications of Thermal-Coupled Photocatalysis
2.3.1. Artificial Photosynthesis
2.3.2. Water Splitting
2.3.3. Pollutants Degradation
3. Mechanical-Coupled Photocatalysis (MCP)
3.1. The Primary Source of Mechanical Energy
3.1.1. Ultrasound
3.1.2. Stir
3.2. Materials for Mechanical-Coupled Photocatalysis
3.2.1. Titanate-Based Materials
3.2.2. Sulfide-Based Materials
3.2.3. Polyvinylidene Fluoride
4. Electromagnetism-Coupled Photocatalysis (ECP)
4.1. Electro-Coupled Photocatalysis
4.2. Magnetism-Coupled Photocatalysis
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- Evaluation of energy conversion efficiency. When external physical fields are applied to the photocatalytic reaction process, additional energy will inevitably be input into the system. Therefore, the solar energy conversion efficiency cannot only be considered when calculating energy conversion efficiency. The extra energy generated by external physical fields should be taken into account.
- (ii)
- Ubiquitous thermal effect. Thermal energy is low-quality energy. The external physical fields will eventually dissipate into heat energy. The special thermal effects can be generated by microwaves, ultrasonic waves, and electromagnetism waves. Thus, it is important to distinguish thermal effects and non-thermal effects on photocatalysis coupling by external physical fields.
- (iii)
- A single material response for multiple-physical fields. To realize photocatalysis coupling by external physical fields, composite materials combining photocatalysts and external field absorption materials are usually used. However, the composite materials are complicated both in the synthesis and photocatalytic reaction process. So, it is interesting to explore a single material that can respond to multiple-physical fields. For example, the spontaneous symmetry-breaking semiconductors can absorb multiple-physical fields at the same time, which might be used in photocatalysis coupling by external physical fields.
- (iv)
- Mechanisms for potential barrier formation by external physical fields. When external physical fields are applied to photocatalysts, a built-in electric field with different directions will be generated to separate the photogenerated carriers. However, mechanisms for potential barrier formation by external physical fields need to be uncovered. Thus, this built-in electric field can be controlled and optimized in favor of photocatalysis coupling by external physical fields.
- (v)
- Reactor design for photocatalysis coupling by external physical fields. The traditional photocatalytic reactor is not satisfied with photocatalysis coupling by external physical fields. The design principles of the reactor must be high-efficiency and well-adapted for different external physical fields.
- (vi)
- Horizontal comparison is neglected in the study of photocatalysis coupling by external physical fields. Different external physical fields should make different contributions to photocatalysis. Keeping a balance between photocatalytic efficiency and economic efficiency, the best assisted physical field for photocatalysis needs to be further studied.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Condition | Application | Activity | Blank Control | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SrTiO3/Cu@Ni/TiN | Xe lamp (600 mW/cm2) | artificial photosynthesis | 21.33 μmol g−1 h−1 (C2H6O) | 380 °C: 1.44 μmol g−1 h−1 (C2H6O) | [85] |
BP/WO | 300 W Xe lamp (UV-vis-NIR) | artificial photosynthesis | 26.1 μmol g−1 h−1 (CO) | BP: 1.47 μmol g−1 h−1 (CO) | [86] |
Au-MgO/TiO2 | 300 W Xe lamp (UV-vis-NIR) | artificial photosynthesis | 6.624 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | P25: 2.07 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | [87] |
La0.4Pr0.6Mn0.6 Ni0.4O3-δ | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 300 °C | artificial photosynthesis | 3970 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4O) | PC: 0.24 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4O) | [88] |
CoO-CuO/TiO2-CeO2 | 300 W Xe lamp | artificial photosynthesis | 1.84 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | PC: 0.5 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | [89] |
Cu:CsPbBr3 | 300 W Xe lamp | artificial photosynthesis | 14.72 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | CsPbBr3: 3.62 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | [90] |
Cu0/Cu2O | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm) | artificial photosynthesis | 2.6 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4O) | Cu2O: 0 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4O) | [91] |
Cs3Sb2I9 | Xe lamp (200 mW/cm2) ET: 235 °C | artificial photosynthesis | 95.7 μmol g−1 h−1 (CO) | PC: 1.1 μmol g−1 h−1 (CO) | [92] |
Bi2O3−x | LED light (365–940 nm) | artificial photosynthesis | AQY = 0.113% (940 nm) | AOY = 0.028% (450 nm) | [93] |
Au/rutile | 300 W Xe lamp (UV-vis-NIR) | artificial photosynthesis | ∼5 μmol g−1 h−1 (CO) | rutile: ∼2.25 μmol g−1 h−1 (CO) | [94] |
TiO2(AB) | 150 W Xe lamp (UV-vis-NIR) | artificial photosynthesis | 11.93 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | PC: 0.09 μmol g−1 h−1 (CH4) | [95] |
AuCu/g-C3N4 | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 120 °C | artificial photosynthesis | 0.89 mmol g−1 h−1 (C2H6O) | PC: 0.21 mmol g−1 h−1 (C2H6O) | [49] |
Cu2O/g-C3N4 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) ET: 100 °C | artificial photosynthesis | 0.71 mmol g−1 h−1 (C2H6O) | PC: 0.37 mmol g−1 h−1 (C2H6O) | [30] |
Ag-PDA/DCN | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | H2 production | 3840 μmol g−1 h−1 | PDA/DCN: 548 μmol g−1 h−1 | [96] |
1T-WS2/CdS | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | H2 production | 70.9 mmol g−1 h−1 | Pt0.02-CdS: 20.2 mmol g−1 h−1 | [33] |
TiO2@CS | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 120 °C | H2 production | 22772.6 μmol g−1 h−1 | 120 °C: ∼1100 μmol g−1 h−1 | [71] |
RuO2/TiO2/Pt/C | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | H2 production | 81.62 μmol g−1 h−1 | RuO2-Pt/TiO2/C: 37.45 μmol g−1 h−1 | [97] |
Cu2O-rGO/TiO2 | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 90 °C | H2 production | 17.8 mmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 3.8 mmol g−1 h−1 | [29] |
Pt/ZnIn2S4 | 300 W Xe lamp (200 mW/cm2) | H2 production | 19.4 mmol g−1 h−1 | Co9S8 @ZnIn2S4: 6.25 mmol g−1 h−1 | [98] |
oxide-MoS2 | Xe lamps | H2 production | 7.85 mmol g−1 h−1 | 2H-MoS2: 2.52 mmol g−1 h−1 | [99] |
C@TiO2/TiO2-x | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 80 °C | H2 production | 3667 μmol g−1 h−1 | TiO2-x: 262 μmol g−1 h−1 | [100] |
SAAg-g-CN | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 55 °C | H2 production | 498 μmol g−1 h−1 | 25 °C: 248 μmol g−1 h−1 | [101] |
FeS2/Bi2S3 | 300 W Xe lamp | H2 production | 16.8 mmol g−1 h−1 | FeS2: 0.52 mmol g−1 h−1 | [102] |
wood/CuS–MoS2 | AM 1.5 G (100 mW/cm2) | H2 production | 85604 μmol g−1 h−1 | MoSx-TiO2: 11090 μmol g−1 h−1 | [103] |
Ag@SiO2@TiO2/Au | UV LED (365 nm) (150 mW/cm2) | H2 production | 30.2 mmol g−1 h−1 | SiO2@TiO2: 0.41 mmol g−1 h−1 | [104] |
SnSe/ZnIn2S4 | 300 W Xe lamp (UV-vis-NIR) | H2 production | 5058 μmol g−1 h−1 | ZnIn2S4: 1691 μmol g−1 h−1 | [31] |
Co0.85Se/Mn0.3Cd0.7S | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) ET: 25 °C | H2 production | 79.7 mmol g−1 h−1 | 5 °C: 46.7 mmol g−1 h−1 | [28] |
Ni2P/TiO2(B) | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 90 °C | H2 production | 20.129 mmol g−1 h−1 | 50 °C: 6.752 mmol g−1 h−1 | [105] |
Au/SiO2/CdS/Ag | LEDs (400–800 nm) | H2 production | 130 mmol g−1 h−1 | SiO2/CdS/Ag: 37.53 mmol g−1 h−1 | [106] |
WO3/CdS | 300 W Xe lamp (UV-vis-NIR) | H2 production | 65.98 mmol g−1 h−1 | 10 °C: 20.82 mmol g−1 h−1 | [32] |
Zn NPs | halogen lamp (4.67 W/cm2) | H2 production | 200 μmol g−1 h−1 | Zn powder: 20 μmol g−1 h−1 | [107] |
PVDF-HFP/CdS/CNT | 280 W Xe lamp | H2 production | 451 μmol g−1 h−1 | PVDF-CTFE/CdS: 136 μmol g−1 h−1 | [108] |
PDA/DCN | Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | MB degradation | DE = 98% (70 min) | DCN: DE = 48% | [109] |
Cu0.75Ag0.5S | 300 W Xe lamp | MB degradation | DE = 93.8% (30 min) | CuS/rGO: DE = 80% (140 min) | [110] |
CuFe2O4@MIL-100(Fe, Cu) | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm) | MB degradation | k = 0.075 min−1 | CuFe2O4: k = 0.023 min−1 | [111] |
Prussian blue (PB) microcrystals | solar simulator (100 mW/cm2) | MB degradation | k = 0.0430 min−1 | PC: k = 0.0231 min−1 | [112] |
C@TiO2 | 300 W Xe lamp | RhB degradation | k = 0.045 min−1 | TiO2 MNF: k = 0.011 min−1 | [113] |
OPtCu-NCs | 808 nm NIR laser | RhB degradation | DE = 91.87% (120 min) | – | [114] |
CoFe2O4-BiOCl | 300 W Xe lamp | RhB degradation | k = 1.16 min−1 | Vis: k = 0.74 min−1 | [115] |
ZnSnO3 | UV light (293–338 K) | RhB degradation | DE = 98.1% (80 min) | UV: DE = 76.8% | [116] |
ZnO | 6 W mercury arc lamp | RhB degradation | DE ≈ 75% (30 min) | PC: DE ≈ 50% | [39] |
Au/TiO2_PW | 300 W Xe lamp (UV–vis light) | MO degradation | DE = 74% (30 min) | Au-TiO2: DE = 10% | [117] |
TiXn | 150 W Xe lamp | MO degradation | DE = 90% (120 min) | TiS3: DE = 34% (180 min) | [118] |
Ag/TiO2 | 300 W Hg lamp | MO degradation | DE = 100% (60 min) | - | [37] |
Fe3O4@SiO2-laccase | 500 W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm) | MG degradation | DE = 99.6% (60 min) | alizarin red: DE = 79.3% | [119] |
Pt−Cu/TiO2 | 300 W Xe lamp | toluene degradation | DE = ∼100% (120 min) | 110 °C: DE = ∼1% | [120] |
WO3-x-R/GdCrO3 | Xe lamp (400 mW/cm2) | toluene degradation | k = 0.029 min−1 | SrTiO3/TiO2: k = 0.0054 min−1 | [121] |
Pt/[TiN@TiO2] | Xe lamp (500 mW/cm2) | toluene degradation | DE = 100% (24 min) | Pt/TiO2: DE = ∼45% | [122] |
SmMnO3/CuMnOx | 400 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | toluene degradation | DE = 100% (275 °C) | SmMnO3: DE = 100% (300 °C) | [123] |
LaMn1.3O3 | 300 W Xe lamp (94 mW/cm2) | toluene degradation | DE = 98% (120 min) | - | [124] |
Cu/TiO2-x/CoP | 300 W Xe lamp | 2,4-D degradation | DE = 99.2% (180 min) | TiO2-x/CoP: DE = 75.8% | [125] |
Ag/Bi2S3/MoS2 | 500 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 2,4-D degradation | k = 0.02334 min−1 | Bi2S3/MoS2: k = 0.00638 min−1 | [126] |
Cu2-xS/CdS/Bi2S3 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 2,4-D degradation | k = 0.03193 min−1 | Cu2-xS/Bi2S3: k = 0.00422 min−1 | [127] |
α-Fe2O3/Defective MoS2/Ag | Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | 2,4-D degradation | k = 0.043 min−1 | α-Fe2O3: k = 0.0013 min−1 | [128] |
TiO2 | 200 W mercury lamp | 2,4-D degradation | k ≈ 0.007 min−1 (O3) | PC: k ≈ 0.001 min−1 | [129] |
W18O49@ZnIn2S4/CC | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | BPA degradation | DE = 95% (150 min) | CC: DE = 15% | [130] |
Ag/NaCNN/NiFe-LDH | 500 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | BPA degradation | k = 0.0432 min−1 | NiFe-LDH: k=0.00292 min−1 | [51] |
Cu2-xS/Fe-POMs/AgVO3 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | BPA degradation | DE = 98.6% (150 min) | AgVO3: DE = 19.6% | [131] |
Bi7O9I3/AgI | Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) | phenol degradation | DE = 95.38% (80 min) | Bi7O9I3: DE = 30.1% | [132] |
Bi12CoO20 | 300 W Xe lamp ET: 90 °C | phenol degradation | k = 0.113 min−1 | 15 °C: k = 0.009 min−1 | [133] |
AuAgPt-12 YSNSs | 500 W Xe lamp | 4-NP degradation | k = 0.155 min−1 | AuAgPt-6 YSNSs: k=0.023 min−1 | [134] |
CaCO3/CuS | NIR laser (2.5 W/cm2) | 4-NP degradation | DE = 98% (15 min) | CuS NPs: DE = 0% | [34] |
SrTiO3/MnFe2O4 | 200 W low-pressure Hg lamp | TC degradation | DE = 100% (20 min) | PC: DE = 38.2% (25 min) | [38] |
ZnO-MnO2 | 300 W Xe lamp | TC degradation | k ≈ 0.23 min−1 | MnO2: k ≈ 0.2 min−1 | [135] |
Ag/Ag3PO4/CeO2 | 300 W Xe lamp | benzene degradation | DE = 90.18% (180 min) | CeO2: DE ≈ 70% | [136] |
α-MnO2/GO | 300 W Xe lamp | formaldehyde degradation | DE = 100% (60 min) | - | [137] |
Co3O4/rGO | 500 W Xe lamp (UV-vis-NIR) | fethanol degradation | DE = 96% (90 min) | UV-vis: DE = 41% | [138] |
ZnFe2O4 | MEDL MW oven (100 W) | TCH degradation | DE = 91.6% (250 s) | PC: DE ≈ 20% | [139] |
TiO2 | UV lamps | 4C2AP degradation | DE = 93.23% (30 min) | PC: DE = 85.28% | [140] |
Material | Condition | Application | Activity | Blank Control | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaTiO3@C | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | RhB degradation | k = 0.03585 min−1 | PZC: k = 0.00085 min−1 | [147] |
Ag@Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | RhB degradation | k = 0.146 min−1 | Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3(PC): k = 0.019 min−1 | [148] |
Bi2WO6/Black TiO2 | 220 W Xe lamp US cleaner | RhB degradation | DE = 98.43% (60 min) | PC: DE = 54.23% (60 min) | [149] |
Bi2WO6/g-C3N4/ZnO | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | RhB degradation | k = 0.231 min−1 | PC: k = 0.097 min−1 | [150] |
g-C3N4/Ag/ZnO | 50 W LED US cleaner | RhB degradation | DE = 89% (180 min) | PC: DE = 70% | [151] |
PAN/TiO2 | 350 W Xe lamp 100 kHz EPR spectrometer | RhB degradation | k = 0.036 min−1 | PC: k = 0.015 min−1 | [152] |
PbTiO3/g-C3N4 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) US vibration | RhB degradation | k = 0.1357 min−1 | PC: k = 0.1044 min−1 | [153] |
Ag2O/Bi4Ti3O12 | 400 W metal halide lamp US vibration | RhB degradation | k = 0.1557 min−1 | PC: k = 0.0363 min−1 | [154] |
BaTiO3/SrTiO3 | LED UV lamp (30 W, 365 nm) 40 kHz US cleaner | RhB degradation | DE = 97.4% (30 min) | SrTiO3: DE = 44.3% | [155] |
AgI/ZnO | 250 W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm) US vibration | RhB degradation | k = 0.037 min−1 | ZnO: k = 0.002 min−1 | [156] |
Bi2WO6 | 9 W LED 120 W US cleaner | RhB degradation | k = 0.141 min−1 | PC: k = 0.008 min−1 | [157] |
Ag/BaTiO3 | 500 W Xe lamp 150 W US vibration | RhB degradation | DE = 70% (120 min) | PC: DE = 25% | [158] |
NaNbO3/CuBi2O4 | 50 W LED 35 W US vibration | RhB degradation | DE = 75% (90 min) | NaNbO3: DE = 40% | [159] |
BaTiO3/TiO2 | 250 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | RhB degradation | k = 0.0967 min−1 | TiO2: k = 0.0275 min−1 | [160] |
ZnO@PVDF | 300 W Xe lamp magnetic stirrer | RhB degradation | DE ≈ 95% (100 min) | PC: DE ≈ 55% | [161] |
ZnO/ZnS | 300 W Xe lamp 180 W US vibration | MB degradation | DE = 53.8% (50 min) | PC: DE = 19.1% | [162] |
PMN-PT@SnO2 | 250 W metal halide lamp 45 kHz US cleaner | MB degradation | DE = 97% (120 min) | SnO2: DE = 87% | [163] |
Ag2MoO4 | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US vibration | MB degradation | DE = 96.2% (40 min) | PC: DE = 82% | [164] |
Ag3PO4/ZnO | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) 40 kHz US cleaner | MB degradation | DE = 98.16% (30 min) | PC: DE = 90.18% | [165] |
ZnO/ZnS/MoS2 | 300 W Xe lamp magnetic stirrer (1000 rpm) | MB degradation | k = 0.0411 min−1 | PC: k = 0.0089 min−1 | [166] |
BaTiO3/CuO | 200 W Xe lamp US cleaner | MO degradation | k = 0.05 min−1 | PZC: k = 0.007 min−1 | [167] |
BiOBr/BaTiO3 | Xe lamp (100 mW cm–2) 40 kHz US vibration | MO degradation | k = 0.1123 min−1 | BaTiO3: k = 0.001 min−1 | [168] |
ZnO NR/PVDF-HFP | Xe lamp (180 mW/cm2) magnetic stirrer (1000 rpm) | MO degradation | k = 0.0399 min−1 | PC(200 rpm): k = 0.0101 min−1 | [169] |
ZnO/MoS2 | 300 W Xe lamp magnetic stirrer (1000 rpm) | MO degradation | DE = 92.7% (50 min) | PC: DE = 50.6% | [170] |
TiO2@rGO-F/PVDF-HFP | 300 W Xe lamp (UV light) magnetic stirrer | MO degradation | DE = 99% (100 min) | - | [171] |
Bi2MoO6/BiOBr | 400 W metal halide lamp US cleaner | MV degradation | k = 0.0284 min−1 | Bi2MoO6: k = 0.0082 min−1 | [172] |
SrBi4Ti4O15 | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | TC degradation | k = 0.058 min−1 | PC: k = 0.004 min−1 | [173] |
Ti32-oxo-cluster/BaTiO3/CuS | 300 W Xe lamp 120 W US vibration | TC degradation | DE = 100% (60 min) | PC: DE = 55.67% | [174] |
CsCdBO3 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) 40 kHz US cleaner | TC degradation | DE = 92% (30 min) | - | [175] |
ZnO/CdS | 300 W Xe lamp 150 W US cleaner | BPA degradation | k = 0.1557 min−1 | PC: k = 0.0135 min−1 | [176] |
BiOI/ZnO | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | BPA degradation | DE = 100% (30 min) | PC: DE = 25% | [177] |
PZT/TiO2 | LED light (15 mW/cm2) magnetic stirrer (800 rpm) | BPA degradation | DE ≈ 90% (40 min) | PC(200 rpm): DE ≈ 70% | [178] |
Au-BiOBr | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | CBZ degradation | k = 0.091 min−1 | k = 0.00516 min−1 | [179] |
BaTiO3/La2Ti2O7 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) 40 kHz US cleaner | CIP degradation | k = 0.0844 min−1 | BaTiO3: k = 0.0469 min−1 | [180] |
ZnS/ Bi2S3-PVDF | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) US cleaner | H2 production | 10.07 mmol g−1 h−1 | ZnS/Bi2S3: 1.77 mmol g−1 h−1 | [181] |
OH-modified SrTiO3 | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | H2 production | 701.2 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 295.4 μmol g−1 h−1 | [182] |
PbTiO3/CdS | 300 W Xe lamp US vibration | H2 production | 849 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 98.9 μmol g−1 h−1 | [183] |
g-C3N4 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) US cleaner | H2 production | 12.16 mmol g−1 h−1 | PZC: 8.35 mmol g−1 h−1 | [184] |
g-C3N4/LiNbO3/PVDF | 300 W Xe lamp magnetic stirrer | H2 production | 136.02 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 87.71 μmol g−1 h−1 | [185] |
g-C3N4/PDI-g-C3N4 | 300 W Xe lamp 40 kHz US cleaner | H2O2 production | 625.54 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 149.85 μmol g−1 h−1 | [186] |
ZnS/In2S3/BaTiO3 | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm) 40 kHz US horn | H2O2 production | 228 μmol g−1 h−1 | 72 μmol g−1 h−1 | [187] |
Material | Condition | Application | Activity | Blank Control | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO | UV light magnet (600 mT) | MB degradation | DE = 60% (3 min) | PC: DE = 24% | [203] |
CoFe2O4 | UV light (100 mW/cm2) magnet (200 mT) | MB degradation | DE = 80% (60 min) | PC: DE = 28% | [204] |
n-TiO2/PS | 400 W UV light power supply (3 V) | MB degradation | DE = 38% (30 min) | PC: DE = 20% | [205] |
rGO/TiO2 | 40 W UV lamp Nd2Fe14B magnet | MO degradation | DE = 91% (120 min) | TiO2: DE = 68% | [206] |
TiO2 | 4 W mercury lamp magnet (280 mT) | MO degradation | DE ≈ 94% (75 min) | PC: DE ≈ 70% | [207] |
α-Fe2O3/TiO2 | Diode Green Laser magnet (400 mT) | RhB degradation | DE ≈ 70% (60 min) | PC: DE ≈ 45% | [208] |
Ti0.936O2 | 300 W Xe lamp electromagnet (80 mT) | RhB degradation | k ≈ 0.075 min−1 | PC: k ≈ 0.05 min−1 | [209] |
BiFeO3 | 500 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) electrical poling | RhB degradation | k = 0.035 min−1 | PC: k = 0.016 min−1 | [210] |
α-Fe2O3/rGO | 300 W Xe lamp magnet | CR degradation | DE = 87% (30 min) | PC: DE = 60% | [211] |
CoFe2O4/MoS2 | 300 W Xe lamp electromagnet (150 mT) | CR degradation | DE = 96.6% (60 min) | PC (50 mT): DE = 82% | [212] |
BiOBr/BNQDs | 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) magnet | TC degradation | DE = 81% (60 min) | BiOBr: DE = 60% | [213] |
hierarchical TiO2 microspheres | 500 W Xe lamp power supply (2 V) | TBT degradation | k = 0.0488 min−1 | PC: k = 0.0052 min−1 | [214] |
Mn3O4/γ-MnOOH | 300 W Xe lamp magnet (60 mT) | NOR degradation | DE = 98.8% (160 min) | PC: DE = 90.3% | [215] |
α-Fe2O3/Zn1-xFexO | Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) ten magnets (20 mT) | RIB degradation | k = 0.0125 min−1 | PC: k = 0.0072 min−1 | [216] |
Au/Fe3O4/N-TiO2 | 70 W tungsten light magnet (180 mT) | H2 production | 21230 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 7600 μmol g−1 h−1 | [217] |
CdS/MoS2/Mo | 300 W Xe lamp (100 mW/cm2) rotating magnet | H2 production | 1.97 mmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 1.04 mmol g−1 h−1 | [218] |
Au-CdS | 300 W Xe lamp rotating magnet | H2 production | 105 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 223 μmol g−1 h−1 | [219] |
Pt/TiO2 | 3 W LED lamp DC power (1 V) | H2 production | 3242.6 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 1102.8 μmol g−1 h−1 | [220] |
K0.5Na0.5NbO3 | 300 W Xe lamp corona poling (690 kV/cm) | H2 production | 470 μmol g−1 h−1 | PC: 63 μmol g−1 h−1 | [221] |
Rutile TiO2 nanograss | sunlight power supply (2 V) | Cr ion removal | 143.8 mg/g | - | [222] |
Bi2MoO6 | 300 W Xe lamp corona poling (20 kV/cm) | CO2 reduction | 14.38 μmol g−1 h−1 (CO) | PC: 4.08 μmol g−1 h−1 | [223] |
BaTiO3 | 300 W Xe lamp magnet | nitrogen fixation | 1.93 mgL−1 h−1 | PC: 1.35 mgL−1 h−1 | [224] |
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Mi, Y.; Fang, W.; Jiang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Shangguan, W. Recent Advancements in Photocatalysis Coupling by External Physical Fields. Catalysts 2022, 12, 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12091042
Mi Y, Fang W, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Shangguan W. Recent Advancements in Photocatalysis Coupling by External Physical Fields. Catalysts. 2022; 12(9):1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12091042
Chicago/Turabian StyleMi, Yan, Wenjian Fang, Yawei Jiang, Yang Yang, Yongsheng Liu, and Wenfeng Shangguan. 2022. "Recent Advancements in Photocatalysis Coupling by External Physical Fields" Catalysts 12, no. 9: 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12091042