ZrO2-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment: From Novel Modification Strategies to Mechanistic Insights
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ZrO2 as Photocatalyst
- ZrO2 is rich in OVs, which exist on the surface or in the lattice’s interstitial sites, which further promotes the optoelectronic properties of ZrO2 leading to boosted light harvesting ability and superior isolation of photocarriers [22].
- The optical characteristics of ZrO2 are modified by the introduction of midgap states in the elemental doping, resulting in optimal visible light responsive photocatalyst [22]. By doping with ZrO2, ions diffuse throughout the lattice at interstitial sites, resulting in a new valance band maximum (VBM) or conduction band minimum (CBM), which narrows the optical bandgap of ZrO2 [33].
2.1. Crystal Structure
2.2. Bandgap Formation
2.3. Opto-Electronic Properties
3. Modification Strategies
3.1. Morphology and Structural Modulation
3.2. Bandgap Tuning via Doping
3.3. Heterojunction Formation
3.4. Generation of Oxygen Vacancies
4. Synthesis Methods
4.1. Bottom-Up Strategies
4.1.1. Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
4.1.2. Crystal Structure Engineering
4.2. Top-Down Strategies
4.2.1. Thermal Treatment
4.2.2. Ultrasonication
4.2.3. Chemical Reduction
5. Photodegradation and Mechanism
5.1. Organic Pollutant Degradation
5.2. Inorganic Pollutant Degradation
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Photocatalyst | Enhancement Strategies | Reaction Parameter | Targeted Pollutant | Photocatalyst Efficiency | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ni doped ZrO2 | Doping | Visible light lamp (>400 nm), 15 mg photocatalyst | Methylene blue | 90.2% in 100 min. | [59] |
C-doped ZrO2 | Doping | PL-L lamp, 0.2 g/L photocatalyst | Methylene blue | 75% | [70] |
Nd doped ZrO2 | Doping | pH = 7 | Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and acetophenone | 90%, 77%, and 60% | [71] |
Al2O3/ZrO2 | Heterojunction | Visible light, 0.04 g catalyst | Reactive blue 222 and Reactive yellow 145 | 91.4% and 94.6% in 60 min. | [72] |
RE/ZrO2 (RE = Sm, Eu) | Heterojunction | 350 W Xenon lamp | Methylene blue and Rhodamine B | 100% in 30 min. and 96.3% in 90 min. | [73] |
ZnO QDs@ZrO2-TiO2 | Heterojunction | Ultra violet light | Congo Red | 94.62% | [74] |
ZrO2/Dy2O3 | Heterojunction | Xenon lamp with cut-off UV filter | Rhodamine B, and Methylene blue | 100% in 30 min. and 87.79% | [75] |
TiO2-ZrO2 | Heterojunction | 125 W Mercury lamp, pH = 7.6, 10 mg/L photocatalyst | Metformin | 92% in 150 min. | [76] |
g-C3N4/ZrO2 | Heterojunction | 50 W LED lamp, 30 mg photocatalyst | Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, Congo Red, and Tetracycline | 96%, 98%, 90%, and 83% | [77] |
CuCo2O4@ZrO2 | Heterojunction | Visible light | Tetracycline | 95% | [78] |
TiO2/ZrO2 | Heterojunction | 100 W LED lamp | Rhodamine B | 90% | [79] |
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Rani, V.; Sharma, A.; Kumar, A.; Singh, P.; Thakur, S.; Singh, A.; Le, Q.V.; Nguyen, V.H.; Raizada, P. ZrO2-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment: From Novel Modification Strategies to Mechanistic Insights. Catalysts 2022, 12, 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12111418
Rani V, Sharma A, Kumar A, Singh P, Thakur S, Singh A, Le QV, Nguyen VH, Raizada P. ZrO2-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment: From Novel Modification Strategies to Mechanistic Insights. Catalysts. 2022; 12(11):1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12111418
Chicago/Turabian StyleRani, Vandna, Amit Sharma, Abhinandan Kumar, Pardeep Singh, Sourbh Thakur, Archana Singh, Quyet Van Le, Van Huy Nguyen, and Pankaj Raizada. 2022. "ZrO2-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment: From Novel Modification Strategies to Mechanistic Insights" Catalysts 12, no. 11: 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12111418