Investigation of Calcium Phosphate Catalysts in Sodium Borohydride Methanolysis for Improved Hydrogen Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Catalyst Characterization
2.1.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
2.1.2. Surface Morphology Using SEM
2.2. Determination of the Catalytic Activity of the Prepared Catalysts
2.3. Impact of TCP Weight Variation on Rates of Hydrogen Generation
2.4. The Influence of Temperature on the Methanolysis Process of NaBH4 Catalyzed by TCP
- kB is Boltzmann’s constant (1.381 × 10−23 J/K);
- T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K);
- h is Planck’s constant (6.626 × 10−34 Js);
- R is the gas constant (8.314 J K−1 · mol−1).
2.5. HGR of the TCP Catalyst
3. Experiments
3.1. Materials and Methods
3.2. Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate Compounds
3.3. Hydrolysis Experiment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Ca/P Molar Ratio | Crystal Structure | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | ß° | Unit Cell Volume (Å3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brushite CaHPO4·2H2O | 1 | Monoclinic | 5.82 | 15.22 | 6.27 | 116.41 | 497.43 |
Tricalcium Phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 | 1.5 | Trigonal (hexagonal axes) | 10.39 | - | 37.22 | - | 3479.57 |
Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 | 1.62 | Hexagonal | 9.41 | - | 6.89 | - | 528.03 |
Catalyst | Activ. Energy (kJ mol−1) | HGR (mL g−1 min−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Ni | - | 325 | [58] |
Ni50Co50 | 26 | 1600 | [58] |
Fe2O3@OMWCNTs | 15.92 | 405 | [59] |
Cu1.7Ca0.3O/GO | - | 9809 | [60] |
a-Fe2O3@N-C NSs | - | 637 | [46] |
NiCoP/Ni | 38.3 | 3986 | [61] |
CuCo2O4 | 22 | 1370 | [62] |
MWCNTeCOOH | 20.1 | 8766 | [63] |
Brushite | - | 6210 | This work |
Hydroxyapatite | - | 12,437 | This work |
TCP | 23.9 | 15,214 | This work |
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Alsowayigh, M.M.; Alsehli, A.H.; Alqahtani, F.; Abdulaziz, F.; Tounsi, M.; Alshaaer, M.; Alanazi, A. Investigation of Calcium Phosphate Catalysts in Sodium Borohydride Methanolysis for Improved Hydrogen Production. Catalysts 2024, 14, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080512
Alsowayigh MM, Alsehli AH, Alqahtani F, Abdulaziz F, Tounsi M, Alshaaer M, Alanazi A. Investigation of Calcium Phosphate Catalysts in Sodium Borohydride Methanolysis for Improved Hydrogen Production. Catalysts. 2024; 14(8):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080512
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlsowayigh, Marwah M., Amal H. Alsehli, Fahad Alqahtani, Fahad Abdulaziz, Moncef Tounsi, Mazen Alshaaer, and Abdulaziz Alanazi. 2024. "Investigation of Calcium Phosphate Catalysts in Sodium Borohydride Methanolysis for Improved Hydrogen Production" Catalysts 14, no. 8: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080512