Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using the Ash of Citrus limetta Peels as a Renewable Heterogeneous Catalyst
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Result and Discussion
2.1. Optimization of Reaction Parameters
2.1.1. Catalyst Amount Effect
2.1.2. Methanol/Oil Molar Ratio Effect
2.1.3. Reaction Time Effect
2.1.4. Heterogeneity Effect
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials and Methodology
3.2. Catalyst Preparation
3.3. Procedure for the Synthesis of Biodiesel
3.4. Plausible Mechanism
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Biodiesel | ASTM D 6751 [34] |
---|---|---|
Density (g) | 0.87 | 0.86–0.90 |
Viscosity (mm2/s) | 2.5 | 1.9–6.0 |
Flashpoint (°C) | 142 | 93 min |
Cetane number | 54 | Above 46 |
Heating value (MJ/kg) | 43.1 | - |
Boiling point (°C) | 294 | - |
Oxidation stability | 3 h | 3 h |
Acid value (mg KOH−1 g) | 0.09 | <0.80 |
Feedstock Oil | Catalyst | Catalyst Loading (wt%) | Methanol: Oil | Time (Hours) | Temperature (°C) | Conversion (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waste cooking oil | Zeolites | 1.5 | 9:1 | 2 | 60 | 93 | [36] |
Camelina sativa oil | Waste shell | 1 | 12:1 | 3 | 65 | Lobster shell—90% Eggshell—97.2% | [37] |
Waste cooking oil | Citrus limetta peels | 5 | 20:1 | 3 | 70 | 96 | [24] |
Coconut oil | CCLP | 1 | 6:1 | 3 | 60 | 100 | Present Work |
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Kaushik, P.; Kaur, G.; Hasan, I. Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using the Ash of Citrus limetta Peels as a Renewable Heterogeneous Catalyst. Catalysts 2024, 14, 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080549
Kaushik P, Kaur G, Hasan I. Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using the Ash of Citrus limetta Peels as a Renewable Heterogeneous Catalyst. Catalysts. 2024; 14(8):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080549
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaushik, Priyal, Gurmeet Kaur, and Imran Hasan. 2024. "Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using the Ash of Citrus limetta Peels as a Renewable Heterogeneous Catalyst" Catalysts 14, no. 8: 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080549