Catalysts

14 pages, 10174 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Superior Product Distribution: Ga-Loaded over Etched Attapulgite as an Efficient Catalyst for Olefin Aromatization

by Ao Yin, Changlin Qi, Shan He, Guiju Zhang and Fei Wang

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020203 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Although olefin aromatization reactions offer a potential route for the high-value utilization of Fischer–Tropsch naphtha, their industrial implementation is hindered by challenges such as coke-induced deactivation and the formation of large amounts of low-value alkane by-products. In this work, a series of Ga(x%)-EATP-550 [...] Read more.

Although olefin aromatization reactions offer a potential route for the high-value utilization of Fischer–Tropsch naphtha, their industrial implementation is hindered by challenges such as coke-induced deactivation and the formation of large amounts of low-value alkane by-products. In this work, a series of Ga(x%)-EATP-550 catalysts were prepared via equal-volume impregnation of Ga onto an acid-etched attapulgite (EATP) support, followed by calcination at 550 °C. The catalysts were evaluated for the aromatization of olefins. The results show that the reaction proceeds mainly through direct dehydrogenative aromatization, yielding approximately 65% aromatics, while generating short-chain olefins (about 20% yield) as the main by-products. This system effectively suppresses the formation of long-chain aromatics and low-value alkanes, presenting a promising technical pathway for upgrading Fischer–Tropsch naphtha. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Materials: Cross-Scale Innovations from Molecular Design to Macroscopic Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2866 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fast Biodiesel Production from Brown Grease Using a Gyrotron

by El-Or Sharoni, Moritz Pilossof, Faina Nakonechny, Olga Semenova, Moshe Einat and Marina Nisnevitch

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020202 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 502

Abstract

Biodiesel is a promising, renewable, and environmentally friendly alternative fuel. Numerous studies have focused on improving the biodiesel production process from various feedstocks using different activation methods and catalysts. However, the reaction times typically range from tens of minutes to hours. This study [...] Read more.

Biodiesel is a promising, renewable, and environmentally friendly alternative fuel. Numerous studies have focused on improving the biodiesel production process from various feedstocks using different activation methods and catalysts. However, the reaction times typically range from tens of minutes to hours. This study presents, for one of the first systematic studies exploring time, the potential of using millimeter-wave electromagnetic radiation generated by a gyrotron as an activation method for biodiesel production reactions. Esterification was carried out using free fatty acids and fatty waste, specifically brown grease (BG), in the presence of the Lewis acid catalyst AlCl₃. Complete conversion of oleic acid was achieved after only 0.4 s of exposure to millimeter waves. When BG was used as the feedstock, a biodiesel yield of 73–76% was obtained within only 3.0 s. Gyrotron-based electromagnetic activation was benchmarked against conventional thermal and sonication-assisted methods, demonstrating high effectiveness. This study presents an efficient and novel process that reduces reaction times while utilizing fatty waste as a feedstock, aligning with the principles of green chemistry, the circular economy, and sustainable development. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 3481 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nickel-Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Production Through Partial Oxidation: The Role of KIT-6 and Promoter Effects

by Yasameen Ahmed, Ghzzai Almutairi, Abdulaziz A. M. Abahussain, Omalsad H. Odhah, Khaled M. Banabdwin, Ahmed Yagoub Elnour, Fekri Abdulraqeb Ahmed Ali, Fazal Raziq, Ahmed A. Ibrahim and Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020201 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Partial oxidation of methane (POM) is a good way to make syngas because it uses exothermic reactions to keep itself going. This study made a series of Ni/KIT-6 catalyst precursors with Gd (0.5–2 wt.%) added to them and then carefully looked at how [...] Read more.

Partial oxidation of methane (POM) is a good way to make syngas because it uses exothermic reactions to keep itself going. This study made a series of Ni/KIT-6 catalyst precursors with Gd (0.5–2 wt.%) added to them and then carefully looked at how they changed into active catalysts. The first tests on the precursors using N₂ physisorption, XRD, and H₂-TPR showed that they had a high surface area and changed how they reduced. However, the high-temperature activation (700 °C) and reaction (682 °C) conditions caused thermal evolution and sintering. Tests of catalytic performance and RSM optimization found that the 5Ni + 1Gd/KIT-6 formulation was the best. Under the best conditions, it converted 89.0% of CH₄ and 87.4% of H₂. Using TEM and Raman spectroscopy to look at the used catalysts showed that 1 wt.% Gd was able to control the size distribution of the metallic particles and stop disordered carbon from forming, even after thermal recrystallisation. A 24 h stability test confirmed these findings, indicating a stable H₂ yield (85–87%) and minimal performance degradation, thereby demonstrating that Gd promotion maintains the stability of the active metallic phase under operational stress. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

43 pages, 5068 KB

Open AccessReview

Noble Metal-Catalyzed C–H Activation and Functionalization: Mechanistic Foundations and Emerging Electrochemical Strategies

by Najoua Sbei, Suzan Makawi and Seyfeddine Rahali

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020200 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 752

Abstract

Noble metal-catalyzed C–H activation has transformed synthetic methodology by enabling direct modification of inert C–H bonds with high levels of efficiency, selectivity, and functional group tolerance. This mini-review provides a focused overview of the mechanistic foundations and emerging advances in C–H functionalization mediated [...] Read more.

Noble metal-catalyzed C–H activation has transformed synthetic methodology by enabling direct modification of inert C–H bonds with high levels of efficiency, selectivity, and functional group tolerance. This mini-review provides a focused overview of the mechanistic foundations and emerging advances in C–H functionalization mediated by ruthenium, iridium, rhodium and palladium catalysts. Key activation modes including oxidative addition, concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD), and electrophilic pathways are discussed alongside the roles of high-valent intermediates and ligand control in determining reactivity and regioselectivity. Special emphasis is placed on recent electrochemical strategies, where anodic oxidation replaces traditional chemical oxidants, granting access to unique redox manifolds and expanding the scope of C–C, C–N, C–O, and C–X bond-forming reactions. Representative transformations highlight the versatility of noble metals in constructing heterocycles, enabling enantioselective processes, and facilitating late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. Current challenges and future perspectives are outlined, including the need for improved nondirected activation, deeper mechanistic insight, and enhanced scalability. Collectively, this review underscores the central role of noble metals in advancing sustainable and innovative C–H functionalization chemistry. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 7553 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Efficient Water Disinfection via Photocatalytic Oxidation Process Mediated by WO₃/BiOBr@Si Composite

by Xiaoxia Ye, Qiu Wu, Guifang Yang, Yuancai Lv and Minghua Liu

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020199 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Developing green water disinfection technology has been attracting much attention all over the world. In this work, a WO₃/BiOBr@Si composite was obtained through the solvothermal process, which exhibited denser and fuller intersecting petal-like spheres (1–3 μm in diameter) and retained its [...] Read more.

Developing green water disinfection technology has been attracting much attention all over the world. In this work, a WO₃/BiOBr@Si composite was obtained through the solvothermal process, which exhibited denser and fuller intersecting petal-like spheres (1–3 μm in diameter) and retained its 3D sheet-like pore structure. The optical and electrochemical analysis demonstrated that the doped Si showed insignificant improvement in UV-Vis light absorption but greatly promoted the electron-hole separation efficiency and charge transfer capability on the surface of the catalyst at a 4.6 wt% Si doping dosage, resulting in an excellent performance in the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) under the irradiation of visible light. Under the optimal conditions (0.5 g/L of WO₃/BiOBr@Si dosage, 10⁷ CFU mL⁻¹ of E. coli concertation, and 30 min of treating time), the largest log value decline (6.6) occurred with WO₃/BiOBr@1.0Si, which was 3.3 and 1.8 times larger than those of BiOBr (2.0) and WO₃/BiOBr (3.7). According to the TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, and XPS analyses, in the photocatalytic system, the hole (h⁺) and •OH were the main species for inactivating E. coli cells. These oxidizing species could attack the components on the surface of cells (such as the hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester, and amide groups of polysaccharides (PS) and proteins (PT)), resulting in the inactivation and destruction of the cell membranes and leakage of intracellular substances. The findings will provide a significant guide for developing an efficient catalyst for the green water disinfection process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2317 KB

Open AccessReview

Cerium-Based Catalytic Materials for Industrial Waste-Gas Purification: Current Status, Future Directions, and Mechanistic Insights

by WeiXiang Shang, ZiChao Meng, YuDong Wu, ChunLin Wang and YuXin Guo

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020198 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 513

Abstract

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial waste gases pose significant threats to environmental quality and human health. Catalytic purification is recognized as a leading abatement technology, crucial for meeting [...] Read more.

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial waste gases pose significant threats to environmental quality and human health. Catalytic purification is recognized as a leading abatement technology, crucial for meeting increasingly stringent emission regulations. Rare-earth (RE) catalytic materials, particularly those based on cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr), and neodymium (Nd) oxides, have attracted intense research due to their unique electronic configurations, high oxygen storage capacity (OSC), facile reversible redox reactions Ce⁴⁺, Ce³⁺, and exceptional thermal stability. This paper provides a comprehensive and methodical overview of RE catalysts used in industrial waste-gas purification. Initially, the physicochemical characteristics of RE elements and their multifaceted roles as active phases, supports, and promoters are explained. Subsequently, the latest developments in RE-based catalysts for NO_x abatement, CO oxidation, VOC degradation, and the removal of sulfur-bearing gas are critically reviewed. The discussion emphasizes structure–activity relationships, reaction mechanisms, and the synergistic interactions between RE elements and transition metals. Comparative analyses are presented through tables focusing on catalyst composition, reaction conditions, performance parameters, and stability. Special attention is given to the enhanced resistance to water vapor and sulfur poisoning afforded by RE materials. Finally, current challenges and future research prospects, including cost reduction, scalability, and long-term durability, are suggested. This review aims to provide practical guidance for the rational design and industrial translation of next-generation RE catalytic materials for air pollution control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

37 pages, 4153 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Antibiotic Remediation to Energy Conversion: A Ni–Co–Zn–Al LDH/Activated Carbon Hybrid with Electrocatalytic Activity Toward Urea Oxidation

by Samar M. Mahgoub, Hassan A. Rudayni, Hala Mohamed, Ahmed A. Allam, Eman A. Mohamed and Rehab Mahmoud

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020197 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Colistin sulfate (COL), a critical last-line antibiotic, poses a severe environmental threat due to its persistence and role in spreading mobile resistance genes. This study introduces a novel quaternary Ni-Co-Zn-Al layered double-hydroxide/activated carbon composite (Q-LDH/AC) for highly efficient COL remediation. The composite’s unique [...] Read more.

Colistin sulfate (COL), a critical last-line antibiotic, poses a severe environmental threat due to its persistence and role in spreading mobile resistance genes. This study introduces a novel quaternary Ni-Co-Zn-Al layered double-hydroxide/activated carbon composite (Q-LDH/AC) for highly efficient COL remediation. The composite’s unique architecture, revealed through comprehensive characterization, enables an exceptional adsorption capacity of 952.52 mg·g⁻¹ under optimal conditions (pH 7, 55 °C), a value that significantly surpasses those reported for most previous adsorbents. The process was spontaneous and endothermic, with kinetics and isotherms best described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir–Freundlich models, respectively, indicating a complex mechanism dominated by chemisorption on both homogeneous and heterogeneous sites. A key innovative feature is the successful regeneration and reusability of the composite, which retained over 70% efficiency after five cycles, enhancing its potential for practical, cost-effective water treatment applications. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG° = −8140.68 kJ/mol, ΔH° = +61.22 kJ/mol) indicate that the reaction is spontaneous and endothermic. The interaction mechanism of COL on Q-LDH/AC can be deduced by FT-IR including hydrogen bonding, π-π bonding, electrostatic interactions, and surface complexation. Beyond mere regeneration, this work demonstrates a pioneering circular economy strategy by repurposing the spent COL-laden adsorbent not as waste, but as a high-performance electrocatalyst. In direct urea fuel cell tests, this electrode achieved a superior and stable current density of 45.63 mA/cm² for Q-LDL/AC, substantially outperforming the pristine Q-LDH/AC/COL (206.63 mA/cm²) and highlighting how the captured pollutant enhances functionality. This dual-purpose approach successfully closes the loop, transforming the environmental liability of antibiotic-laden waste into a valuable resource for energy applications. With a production cost of 2.755 USD/g, this work presents not only a highly effective adsorbent but also a transformative, circular strategy that simultaneously addresses water pollution and energy recovery. These findings offer a promising dual-purpose solution for mitigating the environmental spread of antibiotic resistance through a sustainable cycle that enables efficient antibiotic removal from wastewater while simultaneously converting the captured pollutant into a useful energy resource. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composites for Waste Valorization and Pollutant Degradation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2413 KB

Open AccessArticle

ZnFe₂O₄-N-BC Bifunctional Catalyst in Visible Light−Peroxydisulfate Coupled System in Norfloxacin Degradation

by Xiaoxian Hu, Di Zhang, Xinyu Li and Junfeng Wu

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020196 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Using norfloxacin (NOR) as the target pollutant, the synergism and degradation mechanism of ZnFe₂O₄-N-BC (MNBC), a nitrogen (N) and zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) co-doped biochar bifunctional catalyst (BC), in visible light (VIS)−peroxydisulfate (PDS) coupled system, were [...] Read more.

Using norfloxacin (NOR) as the target pollutant, the synergism and degradation mechanism of ZnFe₂O₄-N-BC (MNBC), a nitrogen (N) and zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) co-doped biochar bifunctional catalyst (BC), in visible light (VIS)−peroxydisulfate (PDS) coupled system, were elucidated, and the synergistic mechanism was further supported by optical absorption and photo-induced charge transfer analyses. The results indicate that the degradation rate constant of the ZnFe₂O₄-N-BC/Vis-PDS system is 22.7 and 17.4 times higher than that of the ZnFe₂O₄-N-BC/Vis and ZnFe₂O₄-N-BC/PDS systems, respectively. More importantly, an apparent enhancement factor of 26.3% was obtained relative to the internal control systems. In addition, the coupled system showed a wider pH adaptation range. Furthermore, the radical quenching experiment and EPR analysis further revealed that multiple reactive species (including SO₄⁻, O₂⁻·, ·OH, h⁺, and ¹O₂) were involved in the degradation of NOR, and their relative contributions followed the order: ¹O₂ > SO₄⁻ > O₂⁻·> ·OH > h⁺. Finally, HPLC-MS analysis was performed to identify the key degradation intermediates of NOR, and thus to propose its possible transformation pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1722 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Enzyme Entry Module Triggers an Endogenous Biocatalytic Cascade for Green Biosynthesis of Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate in Corynebacterium glutamicum

by Li Qi, Hao He, Shihao Xiang and Hui Cao

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020195 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 550

Abstract

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, is an essential cofactor, yet its industrial supply still relies largely on multi-step chemical synthesis. Here, using the industrial chassis Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, we proposed and validated a strategy based on a minimal [...] Read more.

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, is an essential cofactor, yet its industrial supply still relies largely on multi-step chemical synthesis. Here, using the industrial chassis Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, we proposed and validated a strategy based on a minimal heterologous entry coupled to endogenous pathway continuation, resulting in a distinct PLP-producing route. Three engineered strains were constructed and compared: S1 expressing ecepd from Escherichia coli; S2 co-expressing ecepd plus ecpdxB from Escherichia coli (a minimal two-gene module); and S3 carrying an additional ecpdxA from Escherichia coli and smpdxJ from Sinorhizobium meliloti to form a four-gene module as a benchmark for heterologous reconstruction. The wild-type (WT) strain produced a basal PLP level of 10.6 mg/L. Overexpressing ecepd alone increased the titer to 40.4 mg/L (3.8-fold vs WT), whereas the minimal two-gene module in S2 yielded the highest PLP titer of 95.5 mg/L (9.0-fold vs WT; 136.0% higher than S1). Notably, the four-gene module (S3) reached 70.0 mg/L, which was 36.3% lower than S2 under matched conditions. These results indicated that introducing only a minimal two-gene entry could cooperate with the endogenous metabolic network of Corynebacterium glutamicum to establish a new and highly effective PLP biosynthetic route, with production performance exceeding that of a multi-gene heterologous reconstruction in the tested window. This work provides a low-burden and scalable framework for sustainable PLP biomanufacturing and motivates further optimization targeting the endogenous continuation steps and regulatory constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocatalysis-Driven Catalytic Routes for Green and Alternative Chemical Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2843 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nanocatalytic Enhancement of Local Heat Transfer in Continuous-Flow Thermal Reactors

by Nasser Zouli, Nujud Maslamani, Ayman Yousef and Muthanna Al-Dahhan

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020194 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 584

Abstract

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the thermal conductivity (TC) and local heat-transfer coefficients (LHTCs) of nanofluids containing alumina (Al₂O₃), hematite (Fe₂O₃), and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles dispersed in deionized water. A newly developed [...] Read more.

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the thermal conductivity (TC) and local heat-transfer coefficients (LHTCs) of nanofluids containing alumina (Al₂O₃), hematite (Fe₂O₃), and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles dispersed in deionized water. A newly developed non-invasive LHTC probe was integrated into the inner wall of the test section to enable direct quantification of interfacial heat-transfer performance. The measurements were conducted under laminar and turbulent flow conditons across Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 10,000. The selected nanoparticles were chosen based on their high intrinsic thermal conductivity, cost effectiveness, and, in the case of Fe₂O₃, magnetic recoverability. The nanoparticles enhanced both TC and LHTCs through improved thermophysical propoerties and possible interfacial effects. Maximum TC enhancements of 19%, 21%, and 25% were achieved for Al₂O₃/distilled water (DW), Fe₂O₃/DW, and CuO/DW nanofluids, respectively, at 0.05 vol% and 55 °C, while the corresponding LHTC enhancements reached 44%, 50%, and 53%. Under turbulent flow, CuO/DW exhibited the highest heat-transfer performance, attributed to a 25% increase in TC and corresponding improvement in connective heat transfer. Since the boundary-layer thickness exceeded the nanoparticle diameter (30 nm), nanoparticles penetrated the interfacial film, inducing localized micro-convection and catalytic micro-mixing, which intensified interfacial heat transport. The experimentally determined Nusselt numbers showed strong agreement with the Xuan–Qiang correlation at 55 °C, suggesting that the nanoparticle volume fraction governs the catalytic interfacial heat-transfer mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Multi-Metal and Interface-Engineered Catalysts for Circular Carbon Conversion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3086 KB

Open AccessArticle

H₂O₂-Assisted Sunlight Photocatalytic Degradation of Basic Fuchsin Using Green-Synthesized ZnO Nanowires

by Aicha Hazmoune, Chahra Boukaous, Sabrina Iaiche, Boubaker Benhaoua, Farid Fadhillah, Amine Aymen Assadi, Abdeltif Amrane, Fekri Abdulraqeb Ahmed Ali, Jie Zhang, Mohammed Kebir and Hichem Tahraoui

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020193 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 676

Abstract

The efficient removal of toxic dyes from wastewater remains a major environmental challenge. In this study, we report a green and facile one-pot synthesis of zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs) using lemon verbena leaf extract as a sustainable capping and stabilizing agent. The extract [...] Read more.

The efficient removal of toxic dyes from wastewater remains a major environmental challenge. In this study, we report a green and facile one-pot synthesis of zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs) using lemon verbena leaf extract as a sustainable capping and stabilizing agent. The extract played a vital role in directing the 1D growth of the wurtzite hexagonal structure. Characterization confirmed a band gap of 3.12 eV and the characteristic Zn-O stretching at 375 cm⁻¹. Photocatalytic activity tests using 20 mg of biosynthesized ZnO-NWs demonstrated excellent degradation performance. A rate constant of 0.0067 min⁻¹ was achieved, with 99.95% degradation of Basic Fuchsin under natural sunlight for 3 h. Active species analysis highlighted the crucial roles of holes (h⁺), superoxide radicals (O₂•⁻), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Notably, the addition of 10 mM H₂O₂ produced a powerful synergistic effect, reducing the degradation time from 3 h to only 7 min and increasing the reaction rate by approximately 25-fold. These findings highlight the potential of biosynthesized ZnO-NWs as highly efficient, rapid, and sustainable photocatalysts for environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Photo-/Electrocatalysis: A Themed Issue in Honor of Prof. Trong-On Do)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 9569 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Novel OER/ORR Electrocatalysts Based on High-Entropy Perovskites with 3d/4d/5d Dopants

by Klaudia Zielińska, Juliusz Dąbrowa, Marek Zajusz, Miłosz Kożusznik and Konrad Świerczek

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020192 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 781

Abstract

In this study, the feasibility of a new group of alkali-free high-entropy ABO_3-δ perovskite cathodes, in which the B-site is occupied by a mixture of 3d and 4d/5d elements, is examined. Six different materials with a general formula [...] Read more.

In this study, the feasibility of a new group of alkali-free high-entropy ABO_3-δ perovskite cathodes, in which the B-site is occupied by a mixture of 3d and 4d/5d elements, is examined. Six different materials with a general formula of La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2X1_0.2X2_0.2Y1_0.2)O_3-δ (where X1, X2 = mixture of two Co, Ga, Fe, and Y1 = one of Nb/Ta): La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Co_0.2Ga_0.2Nb_0.2)O_3-δ, La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Co_0.2Ga_0.2Ta_0.2)O_3-δ, La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Fe_0.2Ga_0.2-Nb_0.2)O_3-δ, La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Fe_0.2Ga_0.2-Ta_0.2)O_3-δ, La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Co_0.2Fe_0.2Nb_0.2)O_3-δ, La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Co_0.2Fe_0.2Ta_0.2)O_3-δ were synthesized, with five of them possessing a single-phase, Pnma perovskite structure. While in the case of the basic properties, such as electrical conductivity or thermomechanical behavior, the studied oxides show a number of similarities, the differences between them become more apparent when low-temperature Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) and high-temperature Oxygen Reduction Reaction performance is evaluated. The overall best performance is achieved by La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Co_0.2Fe_0.2Nb_0.2)O_3-δ and La(Cu_0.2Ni_0.2Co_0.2Fe_0.2Ta_0.2)O_3-δ compositions, with the former offering slightly faster OER kinetics, and the latter exhibiting superior polarization resistance as an SOFC cathode. Overall, the materials exhibit a strong correlation between composition and properties, with potential for further development into non-equimolar compositions of superior performance. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1253 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemistry Carboxylation of Bromothiazoles with CO₂: An Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Thiazole Carboxylic Acids

by Qi Wan, Qinzhou Liu, Yingtian Zhang, Bo Wang, Yuxia Kong, Yihan Xu and Baoli Chen

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020191 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Electrocarboxylation of aromatic halides with carbon dioxide (CO₂) to high-value aromatic carboxylic acids under mild conditions offers a promising approach for CO₂ resource utilization and the preparation of valuable aromatic carboxylic acids. However, studies on the electrocarboxylation of heterocyclic halides [...] Read more.

Electrocarboxylation of aromatic halides with carbon dioxide (CO₂) to high-value aromatic carboxylic acids under mild conditions offers a promising approach for CO₂ resource utilization and the preparation of valuable aromatic carboxylic acids. However, studies on the electrocarboxylation of heterocyclic halides with CO₂ remain relatively limited, and, in particular, the electrocarboxylation of thiazole halides with CO₂ has not yet been reported in the literature. Herein, the electrocarboxylation of bromothiazoles (BTs) with CO₂ was successfully achieved on a silver (Ag) cathode and a Magnesium (Mg) anode under mild conditions, yielding the corresponding thiazole carboxylic acids (TCAs). Using 4-bromothiazole (4-BT) as a model substrate, the effects of solvent, supporting electrolyte, electrode material, current density, charge passed (Q), and temperature on the yield of the target product 4-thiazolecarboxylic acid (4-TCA) were systematically investigated. Under optimized reaction conditions, this electrocarboxylation strategy proceeded smoothly to other BTs, providing synthetically useful TCAs with moderate to good yields and FEs. Additionally, the electrochemical behavior of bromothiazole on the Ag electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, and a possible reaction mechanism for the formation of the carboxylated product was proposed based on the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Conversion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Role of ZrO₂ Promoter and Ni–NiO–ZrO₂ Networks in Improving Ni Catalysts for Dry Methane Reforming at Low Temperature

by Tanakorn Ratana, Sabaithip Tungkamani, Sornsawan Srisuwan, Onnipha Sithalo and Monrudee Phongaksorn

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020190 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 575

Abstract

In this work, a rational catalyst design based on interfacial architecture engineering is proposed for low-temperature dry methane reforming (DMR) at 550 °C. Ni-based catalysts containing 10 wt% Ni were developed on a γ-Al₂O₃ support modified with 9 wt% MgO–1 [...] Read more.

In this work, a rational catalyst design based on interfacial architecture engineering is proposed for low-temperature dry methane reforming (DMR) at 550 °C. Ni-based catalysts containing 10 wt% Ni were developed on a γ-Al₂O₃ support modified with 9 wt% MgO–1 wt% ZrO₂. Zirconia promoters were introduced either by dry impregnation or via an ammonia vapor-assisted route to construct a Ni–NiO–ZrO₂ interfacial network. The effects of ZrO₂ content (0, 1, and 3 wt%) and synthesis route on metal–support interactions, oxygen mobility, and coke resistance were systematically investigated. ZrO₂ promotion increased the fraction of reducible Ni species and preferentially enhanced CO₂ activation, thereby promoting the reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction and lowering the H₂/CO ratio. In contrast, ammonia vapor-assisted preparation induced the formation of an LDH-derived Ni–NiO–ZrO₂ surface network, which increased the concentration of surface-accessible Ni species, suppressed excessive zirconia coverage, and significantly improved apparent oxygen mobility. These synergistic structural features are consistent with enhanced oxygen-assisted carbon removal and improved coke management through regulation of the nature of carbon species, leading to more balanced activation of CH₄ and CO₂. Overall, this study provides insights into interfacial structure–performance relationships for designing efficient Ni-based catalysts for CO₂ utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Heterogeneous Catalysis: CO₂ Conversion and Energy Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5779 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Materials and Methods for the Prevention and Control of Carbon Monoxide During Underground Coal Mine Blasting

by Jialiang Feng, Xinlei Jia, Yashengnan Sun, Shuanghu He, Lifeng Sun and Xiaogang Zhang

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020189 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Constrained by the layout and air volume of coal mine ventilation systems, the efficiency of diluting CO through ventilation during excavation blasting is relatively low, rendering it difficult to reduce or eliminate CO at the source. Based on the precipitation method, this study [...] Read more.

Constrained by the layout and air volume of coal mine ventilation systems, the efficiency of diluting CO through ventilation during excavation blasting is relatively low, rendering it difficult to reduce or eliminate CO at the source. Based on the precipitation method, this study developed a copper–manganese–tin (Cu-Mn-Sn) catalyst. The elimination performance of the water-resistant Cu-Mn-Sn catalyst was quantitatively characterized in terms of catalytic activity and instantaneous reaction rate. Moreover, an in situ CO elimination method for blasting at excavation faces was proposed. Based on the segmented integrated blasting hole structure design, a catalyst cartridge for CO elimination in blasting holes was developed. Field tests were conducted at the Xinbai Coal Mine of Huating Coal Industry Group in China, and the influences of the weight and arrangement mode of the catalyst cartridge on CO elimination efficiency were investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that when the mass of the catalyst cartridge is 35 g and the “dual-end charge” structure is employed, a CO elimination efficiency of 51.5% can be achieved, offering a practical and feasible active prevention and control scheme as well as a theoretical paradigm for CO control in coal mine excavation blasting. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 6082 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemically Bonded V-ZnIn₂S₄/MoS₂ for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

by Lian Yi, Qiulin Chen, Wen Zhang and Rongshu Zhu

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020188 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 588

Abstract

The construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions is regarded as one of the most effective modification strategies for photocatalysts. However, how to improve the interfacial charge transfer efficiency to further enhance the photocatalytic activity remains an urgent issue to be addressed. In this study, sulfur [...] Read more.

The construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions is regarded as one of the most effective modification strategies for photocatalysts. However, how to improve the interfacial charge transfer efficiency to further enhance the photocatalytic activity remains an urgent issue to be addressed. In this study, sulfur vacancy-enriched ZnIn₂S₄/MoS₂ Z-scheme heterojunctions (V-ZIS/MS) containing interfacial Mo-S bonds was successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The V-ZIS/2%MS showed the highest hydrogen evolution rate, achieving 19.21 ± 0.78 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ under visible light and 112.89 ± 10.98 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ under full-spectrum illumination, which are 5.07 and 4.41 times higher than ZIS (3.79 ± 0.79 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹) and V-ZIS (4.36 ± 0.98 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹) under visible light, respectively, outperforming most reported ZIS-based photocatalysts. This is because the composite of V-ZIS and MS enhanced its light absorption performance. More importantly, the formation of Mo-S bonds at the V-ZIS/MoS₂ interface facilitated efficient charge transfer and reduced interfacial resistance, leading to significantly improved photocatalytic activity. Cycling experiments further demonstrate that V-ZIS/2%MS exhibits considerable photocatalytic stability. X-ray diffraction analysis before and after the reaction further confirmed the structural stability of the catalyst. This work provides a certain reference for the preparation of high-performance ZIS-based photocatalysts. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 6875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rational Precipitant Selection Enables Efficient CO₂ Hydrogenation Toward Tailored CH₄ and CO Product Selectivity

by Jiebing He, Pan Zhang and Lupeng Han

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020187 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 543

Abstract

Direct conversion of CO₂ into fuels or chemicals using solar energy has long been a topic of interest among researchers. However, the severe recombination of photogenerated carriers in photocatalysts often results in low conversion efficiency. To synergistically utilize both the light and [...] Read more.

Direct conversion of CO₂ into fuels or chemicals using solar energy has long been a topic of interest among researchers. However, the severe recombination of photogenerated carriers in photocatalysts often results in low conversion efficiency. To synergistically utilize both the light and thermal energy components of sunlight, this study designed a structurally simple Zn-Co bimetallic catalyst to enhance photocatalytic efficiency while lowering the temperature required for the thermal catalytic reaction. Through screening different precipitants, it was found that the Zn-Co catalyst prepared with NH₃ as the precipitant exhibits outstanding activity for CO₂ hydrogenation to methane at 240 °C, with CH₄ selectivity exceeding 93%. Under the same conditions, the photothermal synergistic effect leads to an approximately 10% increase in turnover frequency (TOF). Structural characterization revealed that the NH₃ precipitant effectively modulates the crystal phase, surface active sites, and electron transfer efficiency of the catalyst, thereby influencing the formation and desorption rates of key intermediates such as CO*, HCOO*, and *OCH₃ during CO₂ hydrogenation. The optimal photothermal synergy observed in this system further highlights the potential of catalyst design for achieving targeted product control. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 12177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Rhenium to Rhenium Carbide Phases Gradient Composites by High Pressure and High Temperature: Evaluation of Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in Acidic and Alkaline Environments

by Li Bai, Junlong Zhao, Yunyu Ning, Jiawen Lv, Rui Bao, Pinwen Zhu, Yanli Chen, Huilian Liu and Qiang Tao

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020186 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 602

Abstract

The intrinsic electronic and structural properties of the transition metal rhenium (Re) endow it with substantial application potential in electrocatalysis. However, the high cost of Re requires the development of Re-based materials to reduce cost and optimize the performance at the same time. [...] Read more.

The intrinsic electronic and structural properties of the transition metal rhenium (Re) endow it with substantial application potential in electrocatalysis. However, the high cost of Re requires the development of Re-based materials to reduce cost and optimize the performance at the same time. Herein, a one-step high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) synthetic strategy is proposed for fabricating Re-C phase gradient composites, presenting a facile and efficient pathway to develop high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. By studying the structural evolution of Re toward ReC and uncovering its intrinsic mechanism, the regulation of the material’s electrocatalytic activity was successfully realized. Experimental results confirm that HPHT conditions of 5 GPa and 1400 °C effectively induce the formation of multiple crystalline phases of Re-C solid solution and ReC in the Re-C composite. These phases have coherent phase boundaries and form the phase gradient composites. Compared with element Re, the synergistic effect of phase gradient composites broadens the electronic state range by increasing electron transfer from Re to C in ReC (increasing the binding energy) and reduces the binding energy in Re-C solid solution. The broad electronic states range in the phase gradient composites exhibits optimal HER overpotentials of 150 mV (acidic electrolyte) and 166 mV (alkaline electrolyte) at 10 mA cm⁻². These findings provide a promising strategy to boost catalysts’ electrocatalytic performance via constructing phase gradient composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis and Sustainable Green Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1418 KB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing Spatially Separated Ru Nanoparticles on Basic Support for the Hydrogenation of Ethyl Levulinate to γ-Valerolactone

by Jie Yang, Yongsheng Liu, Xiaowen Guo, Qi Yang and Yejun Guan

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020185 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 585

Abstract

Gamma-valerolactone (GVL) can be used as a renewable solvent, flavoring agent, and precursor to produce liquid fuels and fine chemicals. GVL is mainly produced by the efficient hydrogenation of levulinic acid and its esters over a wide range of bifunctional catalysts under harsh [...] Read more.

Gamma-valerolactone (GVL) can be used as a renewable solvent, flavoring agent, and precursor to produce liquid fuels and fine chemicals. GVL is mainly produced by the efficient hydrogenation of levulinic acid and its esters over a wide range of bifunctional catalysts under harsh conditions because high temperature is generally required for GVL formation. So far, the hydrogenation of levulinic acids/esters under mild conditions remains a great challenge. In this study, 2 wt.% Ru was loaded onto ZSM-5 zeolite (MFI) via a deposition–precipitation method and further wrapped by crystallization, forming a core–shell structure. Moreover, the wrapped Ru catalyst was coated with a petal-like layer of Mg₃Si₄O₉(OH)₄ (MgSiO₃) via a hydrothermal reaction in a Mg(NO₃)₂ solution, thereby introducing alkalinity and achieving spatial separation of Mg and Ru. This dual-functional catalyst reduces the inhibitory effect of Mg on the Ru active center and enables efficient preparation of GVL from ethyl levulinate (EL) under mild conditions, achieving 100% EL conversion and 98% GVL selectivity in the aqueous phase at 80 °C in 2 h under 0.5 MPa of H₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Biomass Conversion, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

33 pages, 18246 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Post-Annealing on the Water Splitting Performance of Polymeric Carbon Nitride: The Role of Hydrogen Bonds

by L. Florentino-Madiedo, M. F. Vega, N. Rodríguez and C. Barriocanal

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020184 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 701

Abstract

Post-annealing treatments constitute a simple and cost-effective strategy to tailor the structure and photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). In this work, PCNs synthesized from melamine and urea were subjected to post-annealing at 580 °C under air and CO₂ atmospheres to [...] Read more.

Post-annealing treatments constitute a simple and cost-effective strategy to tailor the structure and photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). In this work, PCNs synthesized from melamine and urea were subjected to post-annealing at 580 °C under air and CO₂ atmospheres to elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding, as well as other structural modifications induced by oxidizing atmospheres, on photocatalytic water splitting. Comprehensive structural, chemical, and textural characterization (XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, SSNMR, HRTEM, BET, TGA, and UV–Vis DRS) reveals that post-annealing induces markedly different effects depending on the precursor. For melamine-derived PCN, the treatment selectively disrupts hydrogen bonds between melon strands without introducing nitrogen vacancies, amorphization, or framework shortening. This structural rearrangement increases surface area, reduces particle size, slightly widens the band gap, and enhances water–framework interactions, resulting in a twofold improvement in the hydrogen evolution rate (HER), reaching ~3300 µmol h⁻¹ g·cat⁻¹ under visible-light irradiation. In contrast, urea-derived PCN undergoes only minor structural modifications, including slight exfoliation and possible nitrogen deficiency, which do not translate into a measurable enhancement of photocatalytic activity. These results demonstrate that selective hydrogen-bond disruption is a key factor governing charge transport and photocatalytic efficiency in PCN. Importantly, the optimized melamine-derived PCN achieves HER values comparable to those of urea-derived PCN while maintaining a substantially higher synthesis yield, highlighting its potential for scalable solar hydrogen production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photo/Electrocatalysts for Environmental Purification)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Nanostructured Tungsten-Based Catalyst from Scheelite Ore for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

by Maria J. S. Lima, Cleber da Silva Lourenço, Fernando E. S. Silva, Kivia F. G. Araujo, Gabriel S. Vasconcelos, Rubens M. Nascimento, Rafael A. Raimundo, Marco A. Morales and Uílame U. Gomes

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020183 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 677

Abstract

This study presents an integrated low-temperature processing route that converts tungstic acid and ammonium paratungstate derived from scheelite ore (CaWO₄) into nanoscale tungsten trioxide (WO₃), metallic tungsten (W), and tungsten carbide (WC) via solid-state reaction, hydrogen reduction, and gas–solid [...] Read more.

This study presents an integrated low-temperature processing route that converts tungstic acid and ammonium paratungstate derived from scheelite ore (CaWO₄) into nanoscale tungsten trioxide (WO₃), metallic tungsten (W), and tungsten carbide (WC) via solid-state reaction, hydrogen reduction, and gas–solid reaction, respectively. This approach enables particle size control, reduced energy consumption, and enhanced functional properties, enabling evaluation of the materials’ performance in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the desired phases with nanocrystalline structures and average crystallite sizes of 13.3 nm (WO₃), 31.55 nm (W), and 10.35 nm (WC). The materials exhibited homogeneous morphologies, demonstrating the effectiveness of the synthesis routes. Electrochemical measurements revealed promising OER activity; the WO₃ electrode showed the lowest overpotential of 321 mV at 10 mA cm⁻², while W and WC showed 327 mV and 340 mV, respectively, in 1.0 M KOH. Overall, the results demonstrate a strategy for scheelite valorization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface and Interface Engineering of Catalyst Nanostructures for Electrochemical Energy Conversion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetically Separable and Synergistic CMC–Cu@Fe₃O₄ Nanocomposites for Efficient, Reusable, and High-Performance Laccase Biocatalysis

by Yousif Algamal, Rawan Altalhi and Yaaser Q. Almulaiky

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020182 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 706

Abstract

This study presents a novel multifunctional Lac@CMC-Cu@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite for the efficient immobilization of laccase designed to overcome limitations in enzyme stability, reusability, and catalytic performance. The nanocomposite integrates magnetite (Fe₃O₄) for rapid magnetic separation, carboxymethyl cellulose [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel multifunctional Lac@CMC-Cu@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite for the efficient immobilization of laccase designed to overcome limitations in enzyme stability, reusability, and catalytic performance. The nanocomposite integrates magnetite (Fe₃O₄) for rapid magnetic separation, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a biocompatible matrix for covalent enzyme attachment, and copper nanoparticles to enhance catalytic activity. The immobilization achieved an impressive yield of 87%, with comprehensive characterization by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, EDX, BET, and VSM confirming successful synthesis and enzyme attachment. Kinetic analysis revealed a remarkable 37% increase in maximum reaction velocity (Vmax = 111 µmol/min) compared to free laccase (81.3 µmol/min), despite a moderate increase in Km from 1.54 to 3.22 mM. The immobilized biocatalyst demonstrated superior thermal stability, retaining 53% activity at 60 °C versus 17% for the free enzyme, and exhibited a broader pH tolerance, maintaining 41% activity at pH 8.0. Notably, the biocatalyst showed enhanced performance in organic solvents, with 153% activation in acetone. Operational reusability was exceptional, retaining 84% activity after 15 cycles, and storage stability was significantly improved, maintaining 68% activity after 90 days compared to only 11% for free laccase. This magnetically separable nanobiocatalyst represents a promising, scalable platform for sustainable industrial and environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme and Biocatalysis Application)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 6522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of ZnO/BiOCl Composite Photocatalysts Supported on Hierarchical Muscovite and Photocatalytic Activity

by Gongming Qian and Chengqi Ma

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020181 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 637

Abstract

In this study, exfoliated mica nanoparticle particles were utilized to reduce the band gap of mica nanoparticles, and the loading of ZnO and BiOCl enhanced the photocatalytic performance. Within the mica nanosheets, exfoliation led to a decrease in band gap energy from 7 [...] Read more.

In this study, exfoliated mica nanoparticle particles were utilized to reduce the band gap of mica nanoparticles, and the loading of ZnO and BiOCl enhanced the photocatalytic performance. Within the mica nanosheets, exfoliation led to a decrease in band gap energy from 7 eV to 2.5 eV, thereby improving the semiconductor properties of the material. It is more suitable for photocatalysis research and the improvement in photocatalytic capabilities. This research prepared exfoliated mica nanoparticle particles (eMica) via ultrasonic exfoliation combined with CTAB intercalation and acid treatment. Subsequently, a ZnO/BiOCl ternary composite photocatalyst supported on eMica (ZnO/BiOCl@eMica) was synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, chemical composition, morphology, and optical properties of the materials were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effects of reaction conditions (ZnO/BiOCl molar ratio, catalyst dosage, initial BPA concentration, and solution pH) on photocatalytic performance were investigated through BPA degradation experiments. The results showed that when the molar ratio of eMica:ZnO:BiOCl was 1:3:3, the catalyst dosage was 0.1 g/50 mL, the initial BPA concentration was 20 mg/L, and pH = 10, the composite achieved a BPA degradation efficiency of 98% within 30 min. Free radical trapping experiments confirmed that superoxide anions (·O₂⁻), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and holes (h⁺) were the primary active species. The excellent performance of the composite is attributed to the high specific surface area and electron transfer capability of eMica, as well as the synergistic charge separation effect of the ZnO/BiOCl heterojunction. Furthermore, the composite maintained nearly 80% degradation efficiency after four cycles, demonstrating good stability and practical potential. Two-dimensional (2D) mica nanoparticles open new opportunities for exploring the photocatalytic properties of 2D materials and show promise in the field of 2D photocatalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upgrading Conversion of Corncob to Furan Amino Acid via Cascade Catalysis of Solid Acid and Whole-Cell Catalyst

by Lei Gong, Rui Jin, Jiaxin Li, Menghao Li, Daming Gao, Nan Zhang and Jie Zhu

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020180 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 656

Abstract

The sustainable synthesis of valuable noncanonical amino acids from renewable raw materials holds significant importance. This research developed a viable chemical–biological coupling process, leveraging the synergistic effect of a solid acid catalyst and the whole cell of E. coli PpLTA to selectively synthesize [...] Read more.

The sustainable synthesis of valuable noncanonical amino acids from renewable raw materials holds significant importance. This research developed a viable chemical–biological coupling process, leveraging the synergistic effect of a solid acid catalyst and the whole cell of E. coli PpLTA to selectively synthesize β-(2-furanyl) serine from corncob. Initially, a novel magnetic solid acid catalyst, Fe₃O₄/C-SO₃H, was successfully fabricated and employed to catalyze the degradation of corncob in a toluene–water biphasic system for furfural production. Under the optimal conditions (catalyst loading of 2.0% w/w and reaction at 170 °C for 20 min), the furfural yield could attain 62.3%. After ten cycles of use, the yield of furfural remained at 44.7% and the retention rate of catalytic activity was 71.7%. Furthermore, the biocompatibility verification results demonstrated that the furfural derived from corncob could be completely transformed by E. coli PpLTA at a concentration of 50 mM, and this furfural system did not generate any by-products that hindered the biotransformation process. This chemical–biological coupling approach offers a technical solution for the efficient production of noncanonical amino acids from biomass resources. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 8437 KB

Open AccessArticle

Palladium as a Molecular Architect: Control of Hydrocarbon Chain Growth and Branching in Zeolite Catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis

by Roman Yakovenko, Anastasia Chemes, Andrey Volik, Danila Ponomarev, Evgeniya Yakovenko, Alexander Astakhov, Victoria Marchenko, Andrey Nikolaev, Evgeniy Sadyrin, Roman Svetogorov and Marat Agliullin

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020179 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 628

Abstract

The effect of palladium addition to a hybrid Co/SiO₂ + HZSM-5 + Al₂O₃ catalyst on the combined Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis and hydrocarbon hydroconversion process was studied. Catalysts with a Pd content of 0.075–0.3 wt.% were characterized by a complex [...] Read more.

The effect of palladium addition to a hybrid Co/SiO₂ + HZSM-5 + Al₂O₃ catalyst on the combined Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis and hydrocarbon hydroconversion process was studied. Catalysts with a Pd content of 0.075–0.3 wt.% were characterized by a complex of physicochemical methods, including synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen (H₂-TPR), temperature-programmed desorption of hydrogen with oxygen titration (H₂-TPD/O₂ titration), IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine, and STEM-EDX analysis. It was found that the addition of palladium decreases the cobalt oxide reduction temperature due to interphase hydrogen transfer. Tests in hydrocarbon synthesis at 240–250 °C, a pressure of 2 MPa, and an H₂/CO ratio of 2 showed that the sample with 0.15% Pd exhibits the highest selectivity for C₅+ hydrocarbons (66.8% at 240 °C) and stability for 150 h. Analysis of the synthesis products revealed a fivefold decrease in the proportion of alkenes and an increase in isoalkanes with increasing Pd concentration. This effect enables the in situ hydroprocessing of primary FT products in a single reactor. The results demonstrate that the targeted introduction of palladium into the hybrid system is an effective strategy for regulating its functionality, allowing for the one-stage production of high-quality fuels with a controlled hydrocarbon composition from syngas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering of Nanostructured Catalytic Materials for Selective Hydrogenation Reactions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4540 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioplastic Production in Circular Economy Paths with Glycerol and Whey

by Héctor H. León Santiesteban, Juan Aguirre Aguilar, Deyanira Ángeles Beltrán, José Luis Contreras Larios, Ricardo Reyes Chilpa, Julio C. García Martínez and Margarita M. González Brambila

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020178 - 10 Feb 2026

Viewed by 637

Abstract

From 1950 to the present, plastic production and use have increased mainly because plastics possess qualities like stability, light weight, versatility, and decreasing production costs. However, most plastics are not biodegradable, and only a small portion is recycled worldwide. Bioplastics serve as an [...] Read more.

From 1950 to the present, plastic production and use have increased mainly because plastics possess qualities like stability, light weight, versatility, and decreasing production costs. However, most plastics are not biodegradable, and only a small portion is recycled worldwide. Bioplastics serve as an alternative if they are biodegradable and derived from residual materials, promoting a circular economy. PHB is a polymer with characteristics similar to some commercial plastics. It was discovered in the 1920s and has been examined by researchers and engineers since then due to its potential as a biodegradable bioplastic. Some microorganisms can produce PHB under controlled conditions. In this work, PHB production was analyzed using two strains, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, and two byproducts—whey and glycerol—as substrates and varying the culture media compositions. Both byproducts and both strains are suitable for PHB production; the absence of nitrogen and trace element sources enhances PHB yield. Additionally, bacterial growth, substrate uptake, and PHB production were modeled using logistic growth and the Luedeking–Piret models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Catalyst Design to Sustainable Catalytic Processes: Advances in Reactor Engineering)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3 pages, 134 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial Catalysts: Spectroscopy in Modern Materials Science and Catalysis

by Rishu Khurana and Cong Liu

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020177 - 10 Feb 2026

Viewed by 577

Abstract

Spectroscopy plays a central role in modern materials science and catalysis by enabling direct insight into electronic structure, oxidation states, coordination environments, and dynamic transformations under reaction conditions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy in Modern Materials Science and Catalysis)

11 pages, 4670 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring the Band Gap of ZIF-8 via Cobalt Doping for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalysis and Hydrogen Evolution

by Ahmed Eldarder Taha, Mohamed El-Gaby, Abu Bakr A. A. M. El-Adasy, Hussain Almohiy, Mohamed Saad, Yasser A. M. Ismail and Abdelaziz M. Aboraia

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020176 - 10 Feb 2026

Viewed by 668

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8), are promising photocatalysts; however, their practical application is limited by a wide band gap (~3.85 eV), which restricts light absorption mainly to the ultraviolet region. This limitation was addressed by synthesizing a series of cobalt-doped [...] Read more.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8), are promising photocatalysts; however, their practical application is limited by a wide band gap (~3.85 eV), which restricts light absorption mainly to the ultraviolet region. This limitation was addressed by synthesizing a series of cobalt-doped ZIF-8 materials, Co(x)ZIF-8 (x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%), using a cost-effective aqueous synthesis route. Structural and compositional analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the formation of phase-pure ZIF-8 topology, with no significant change in nanoparticle morphology upon the partial substitution of Zn²⁺ by Co²⁺ ions within the framework. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance and Tauc plot analysis revealed a systematic and substantial reduction in the optical band gap (Eg) with increasing Co content, indicating enhanced visible-light absorption capability. All Co(x)ZIF-8 samples exhibited superior photocatalytic activity compared to pristine ZIF-8 under light irradiation. Among them, Co(2.5)ZIF-8 displayed the highest apparent reaction rate constant for pollutant degradation, while Co(5)ZIF-8 achieved the highest overall degradation efficiency (~87%) after 40 min. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of band-gap narrowing and the presence of Co²⁺ ions, which act as effective charge-trapping centers and suppress electron–hole recombination. Electrochemical measurements further demonstrated that Co(5)ZIF-8 exhibits the highest current density (most negative J) at large negative potentials (e.g., J ≈ −0.105 A cm⁻² at E = −2.0 V), indicating superior intrinsic catalytic activity. These findings highlight cobalt-doped ZIF-8 as a highly tunable and efficient photocatalyst with strong potential for environmental remediation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Catalysts—Recent Advances in Photocatalysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2363 KB

Open AccessArticle

Size-Dependent Strong Metal-Support Interactions in Ni/Anatase TiO₂ Catalysts for Selective Guaiacol Hydrodeoxygenation

by Xiaoqiang Zhang, Quanlei Wang, Junli Ren, Huixiang Li and Da-Ming Gao

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020175 - 8 Feb 2026

Viewed by 663

Abstract

Strong metal–support interactions (SMSI) are widely recognized as a powerful strategy for tuning catalytic selectivity and stability. However, a clear understanding of how controllable parameters govern SMSI strength and its impact on reaction pathways remains limited. In this work, the effect of hydrogen [...] Read more.

Strong metal–support interactions (SMSI) are widely recognized as a powerful strategy for tuning catalytic selectivity and stability. However, a clear understanding of how controllable parameters govern SMSI strength and its impact on reaction pathways remains limited. In this work, the effect of hydrogen pretreatment temperature and Ni particle size on the SMSI behavior of Ni/TiO₂-A catalysts and their catalytic performance in guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) was systematically investigated. The results reveal a size-dependent SMSI behavior governed by the degree of metal encapsulation: small Ni particles (1–2 nm) are fully encapsulated by TiO_x species, leading to suppression of aromatic ring hydrogenation, whereas larger Ni particles (~15 nm) are partially covered and retain aromatic hydrogenation activity. At 600 °C reduction, nearly complete Ni coverage suppresses aromatic hydrogenation sites, leading to selective formation of phenolic compounds. This study highlights that Ni particle size and reduction conditions jointly control SMSI strength, which in turn governs the catalyst activity and selectivity, providing guidance for rational design of SMSI catalysts. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 14762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sutherlendia frutescence-Mediated CuNiO Nanocomposite: Effect of Varying Loadings on the Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants and Antibacterial Efficiency

by Itumeleng Seete, Dineo A. Bopape, Louisa M. Mahlaule-Glory, Morongwa M. Mathipa and Nomso C. Hintsho-Mbita

Catalysts 2026, 16(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16020174 - 7 Feb 2026

Viewed by 599

Abstract

Water contamination with pharmaceuticals is a global challenge that affects both aquatic and human life. The presence of these pharmaceuticals has increased in recent years due to their high demand. In this study, varying compositions of Cu-NiO nanocomposites were synthesized using Sutherlandia frutescens [...] Read more.

Water contamination with pharmaceuticals is a global challenge that affects both aquatic and human life. The presence of these pharmaceuticals has increased in recent years due to their high demand. In this study, varying compositions of Cu-NiO nanocomposites were synthesized using Sutherlandia frutescens plant extracts. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS and TGA. The photocatalytic activity of these materials was tested on SMX and CIP antibiotics. Furthermore, their antibacterial efficiency against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains was investigated. XRD, through phase identification and SEM/EDS, confirmed the formation of nanocomposites with elements of Cu, O and Ni. The 15% CuNiO nanocomposite demonstrated the highest thermal stability with a minimal weight loss of 3%. The 15% CuNiO had the highest degradation efficiencies of 92% and 85% for SMX and CIP, respectively. The catalyst could be reusable for up to three trials with a 65% efficiency against CIP, while the photogenerated electrons (e⁻) were the most reactive species for the degradation of pharmaceuticals. Lastly, these materials were noted to have antibacterial efficiency against both Gram-negative and -positive strains, with the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli. This study has shown that novel green nanocomposites from S. frutescence can be used for targeting multiple pollutants simultaneously by degrading antibiotics efficiently and removing various bacterial strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Catalysis for Energy and a Sustainable Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Catalysts, Volume 16, Issue 2 (February 2026) – 92 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI