Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Carbon Onions from Thermal Annealing of Detonation Nanodiamonds
2.3. Physico-Chemical Characterisation
2.4. Cytotoxicity Assay
2.5. Preparation of Drug Loaded Carbon Onion and Determination of Drug Loading Efficiency
2.6. Characterisation of Drug Loaded Carbon Onion Complex
2.7. Drug Release Studies
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterisation of Annealed Nanodiamonds
3.1.1. Surface Morphology
3.1.2. Surface Characterisation
3.1.3. Chemical Characterisation
3.2. Particle Size Analysis
3.3. Drug Loading Efficiency
3.4. Solid State Analysis of Drug
3.5. Drug-Carrier Interactions
3.6. In Vitro Drug Release Studies
3.7. Porosity Analysis
3.8. Toxicity Studies of Carbon Onion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | X10a (µm) | X50b (µm) | X90c (µm) | Volume Mean Diameter (µm) | Span |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon onion | 0.88 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 7.45 ± 0.02 | 3.37 ± 0.01 | 2.99 ± 0.01 |
Higuchi Diffusion Two Step | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sample | Duration | Rate Constant | Linear Regression Coefficient |
PA/OLC complex at pH 5.8 | 3–10 min | 46.34 | 0.999 |
10–20 min | 16.91 | 0.797 | |
IBU/OLC complex at pH 7.2 | 3–10 min | 48.07 | 0.94 |
10–20 min | 13.87 | 0.916 |
Sample | Specific Surface Area1 (m2/g) | Total Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Micro Pore Volume2 (cm3/g) |
---|---|---|---|
OLC | 293.3 | 1.2 | 0.03 |
PA/OLC complex-11.5% | 138.4 | 0.73 | 0.002 |
PA/OLC phy mix-11.5% | 210.1 | 0.86 | 0.015 |
IBU/OLC complex-20.7% | 46.1 | 0.27 | 0 |
IBU/OLC phy mix-20.7% | 65.4 | 0.38 | 0 |
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Miriyala, N.; Kirby, D.J.; Cumont, A.; Zhang, R.; Shi, B.; Ouyang, D.; Ye, H. Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery. Crystals 2020, 10, 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040281
Miriyala N, Kirby DJ, Cumont A, Zhang R, Shi B, Ouyang D, Ye H. Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery. Crystals. 2020; 10(4):281. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040281
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiriyala, Nikhila, Daniel J. Kirby, Aude Cumont, Ruoying Zhang, Baogui Shi, Defang Ouyang, and Haitao Ye. 2020. "Synthesis of Carbon Onion and Its Application as a Porous Carrier for Amorphous Drug Delivery" Crystals 10, no. 4: 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040281