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Article

Metal-Involving Halogen Bonding Confirmed Using DFT Calculations with Periodic Boundary Conditions

by
Anastasiya A. Eliseeva
1,
Marina A. Khazanova
1,
Anna M. Cheranyova
1,
Irina S. Aliyarova
1,
Roman I. Kravchuk
2,
Evfpraksiia S. Oganesyan
2,
Andrey V. Ryabykh
2,
Olga A. Maslova
2,
Daniil M. Ivanov
1,* and
Serge A. Beznosyuk
2,*
1
Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
2
Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, Lenin av. 61, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2023, 13(5), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050712
Submission received: 3 April 2023 / Revised: 17 April 2023 / Accepted: 19 April 2023 / Published: 22 April 2023
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The cocrystallization of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] and iodoform (CHI3) yields crystalline adduct trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, the structure of which was studied via single-crystal X-ray diffractometry (XRD). In the XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, apart from rather predictable C–H∙∙∙I hydrogen bonds (HBs) and C−I∙∙∙I halogen bonds (XBs) with the iodide ligands, we identified C–I∙∙∙Pt metal-involving XBs, where the platinum center functions as an XB acceptor (that includes a metal dz2-orbital) toward the σ-holes of I atoms of CHI3. DFT calculations (PBE-D3/jorge-TZP-DKH with plane waves in the GAPW method) were carried out in the CP2K program for isolated molecules, complex–iodoform clusters, and crystal models with periodic boundary conditions, where the noncovalent nature and the existence of the interactions were confirmed using charge analysis, Wiberg bond indexes, and QTAIM topology analysis of electron density, whereas the philicities of the noncovalent partners were proved using charge analysis, electron localization function, electron density deformation, and one-electron potential projections, as well as electron density/electrostatic potential profiles for cluster models and electrostatic potential surfaces (ρ = 0.001 a.u.) for isolated molecules.

1. Introduction

Nowadays, halogen bonding (XB) [1,2] is the most studied σ-hole interaction due to its expressed directionality [3] and application as a useful tool for constructing supramolecular clusters, chains, layers, and even 3D scaffolds, which are important in material science, crystal engineering, and supramolecular chemistry [4,5,6,7]. These σ-hole interactions can be applied in synthetic, coordination, and organometallic chemistry [8], noncovalent catalysis [9,10,11,12], polymer science [13], and drug discovery [14,15].
Organic iodine-based species with electron-withdrawing substituents are the most popular σ-hole donors [16] (or, particularly, XB donors), whereas moieties featuring atoms with lone pairs (LPs) or electron-rich π-systems are commonly used as electron donors (XB acceptors). Metal centers with sterically available filled dz2-orbital can also form XBs as nucleophiles toward various σ-hole donors [17], despite their positive charges. To date, the nucleophilicity of metal centers in metal-involving XBs has been recognized for RhI [18], NiII [19,20,21], PdII [19,21,22], PtII [21,22,23,24,25,26], Au0 [27,28], AuI [29], and AuIII [30]. In a few instances, a metal center, together with the coordinated halogen atom, functions as an integrated two-centered nucleophile toward one σ-hole, forming metal-involving bifurcated R−X∙∙∙(Cl−M) (X = Br, I; M = PtII, AuI) [25,26,29] and R−I∙∙∙(I−MII) (M = PtII, PdII) possible XBs [31]. An important finding, in the context of the current work, was revealed when we studied the X-ray structure of trans-[PtCl2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, where we detected the first example of metal-involving bifurcated XB, namely C−I∙∙∙(Cl−PtII) [25].
Halogen bonds can be investigated through both experimental and theoretical studies applied to the same objects. In the vast majority of reports on metal-involving XBs, theoretical calculations of intermolecular contacts were carried out for gas-phase model clusters based on atomic coordinates experimentally determined using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) [18,19,21,22,24,25,26,29], while studies using Kohn–Sham calculations with periodic boundary conditions are still quite rare—the only example is one of our previous studies presenting such calculations for three-center Br∙∙∙(Cl−PtII) XBs involving trans-[PtCl2(NCNR2)2] (R = Me2, Et2) complexes [26]. Inspired by the observation of these interactions and the results of the periodic calculations for the XBs, we decided to expand this area. We started with the identification of new metal-involving XB with dialkylcyanamide platinum(II) complexes.
In this study, we employed the trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] [32] dialkylcyanamide complex as an XB acceptor toward iodoform (CHI3) utilized as an efficient XB donor (Figure 1) [25]. The complex trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] was cocrystallized with CHI3 to yield cocrystal 1∙2CHI3, the structure of which was studied using single-crystal XRD. In trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]·2CHI3, apart from a rather predictable C–H∙∙∙I hydrogen bonds (HBs) and C−I∙∙∙I XBs with the iodide ligands, we identified C−I∙∙∙Pt XBs involving dz2-orbital-donating platinum(II) center.
The CP2K software package [33,34,35,36,37,38,39] was chosen as a useful tool to investigate the nature of the detected intermolecular interactions in the crystals [40] since its results can be analyzed using the Multiwfn program [41]. For the comparison, the cluster models were also calculated in CP2K.

2. Materials and Methods

Analytically pure CHI3, K2[PtCl4], KI, piperidine-1-carbonitrile, and all solvents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Germany) and used as received.
The NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III 400 spectrometer at ambient temperature in acetone-d6 (at 400, 101, 86 MHz for 1H, 13C{1H}, and 195Pt NMR spectra, respectively) (Figures S1–S3). IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker TENSOR 27 FT-IR spectrometer (4000–200 cm–1, CsI pellets) (Figure S4). The CHN elemental analysis was carried out on a CHNS–analyzer LECO-932.

2.1. Synthesis of Complex trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]

A two-fold excess of KI (0.4 g, 2.4 mmol) was added to an aqueous solution of K2PtCl4 (0.5 g, 1.2 mmol, and 2.5 mL of H2O). The reaction mixture was left for 15 min until the darkening of the solution ceased. After that, a 10-fold excess of NCNC5H10 was added to the solution, and the reaction mixture was left for a week until the solution became clear. An orange precipitate was formed after one week. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with three portions of 3 mL of water and diethyl ether, and then dried in air at room temperature (RT). The substance was purified via column chromatography on silica gel (Merck 60 F254, CH2Cl2, first fraction). Yield: 76.7%. Anal. Calcd for C12H20N4I2Pt: C, 21.53; H, 3.01; N, 8.37. Found: C, 21.62; H, 2.94; N, 8.17%. TLC: Rf = 0.72 (eluent CH2Cl2:MeOH 50:1). IR (CsI, selected bands, cm−1): 2945 (m), 2923 (w), 2887 (w), ν(C−H); 1466 (w), 1452 (w), δ(CH2); 2288 (s), ν(C≡N); 1391 (m), ν(C−N). 1H NMR (acetone-d6, δ): 3.23 (m, 4H, NCH2), 1.58 (m, 4H, NCH2CH2), 1.48 (m, 2H, NCH2CH2CH2) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (acetone-d6, δ): 119.10 (C≡N), 50.19 (NCH2), 25.11 (NCH2CH2), 22.87 (NCH2CH2CH2) ppm. 195Pt NMR (acetone-d6, δ): −3671.02 ppm.

2.2. Cocrystallization

Single crystals of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 were obtained through the slow evaporation of a dichloromethane and ethylacetate solution (2 mL, 1:1) of a mixture of the corresponding trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (0.007 mmol) and CHI3 taken in two-fold excess (0.014 mmol) at RT. The yellow crystals of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 suitable for XRD were released after 3−4 d.

2.3. X-ray Structure Determination and Refinement

The suitable single crystals of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] and trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 were studied on an Xcalibur Eos diffractometer (monochromated Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073). The crystals were incubated at 100 K during data collection. Using Olex2 [42], the structures were solved with the ShelXT [43] structure solution program using intrinsic phasing and refined with the ShelXL [44] refinement package using least-square minimization. Hydrogen atoms in all structures were placed in ideally calculated positions according to neutron diffraction statistical data [45] and refined as colliding atoms with the parameters of relative isotropic displacement. The main data of crystallography and details of refinement are presented in Table S1 in Supporting Information. CCDC numbers 2252226–2252227 contain all supporting structural and refinement data.

2.4. Computational Details

Single-point DFT calculations based on experimentally determined coordinates with periodic boundary conditions for the crystal (1 × 1 × 1 cell) trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 model were performed in the CP2K-8.1 program [33,34,35,36,37,38,39], with a 350 Ry and a 50 Ry relative plane-wave cut-offs for the auxiliary grid using the PBE [46]-D3 [47,48] functional, with either (i) the Gaussian/augmented plane-wave (GAPW) method [49] with a full-electron jorge-TZP-DKH [50] mixed basis set with the Douglas–Kroll–Hess 2nd-order scalar relativistic calculations requested relativistic core Hamiltonian [51,52] or (ii) the mixed Gaussian/plane-wave (GPW) [53] basis set with the DZVP-MOLOPT-SR-GTH [54] basis in conjunction with the Goedecker—Teter—Hutter [55,56,57] pseudopotentials. The 1.0 × 10−6 Hartree convergence was achieved for the self-consistent field cycle in the Γ-point approximation. Similar methodologies were previously used for the investigation of related halogen-bonded systems [40,58,59,60]. For the restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) [61,62], atomic charges were calculated using the REPEAT [61] method, with constraints for all crystallographically dependent atoms to have the same RESP charges. The gas-phase studies for cluster models as well as isolated molecules were performed with experimentally determined coordinates in the same PBE-D3 [63] level of theory in CP2K with the same full-electron jorge-DZP-DKH bases with the Douglas–Kroll–Hess 2nd-order scalar relativistic calculations requested relativistic core Hamiltonian (the GAWP method) or with the DZVP-MOLOPT-SR-GTH basis in conjunction with the Goedecker—Teter—Hutter pseudopotentials (the GPW method), both in 20 × 20 × 20 Å3 boxes. The 0.500 rloc parameter was applied for Pt atoms in full-electron calculations. For pseudopotential calculations, the electron density functions (EDFs) [64] were applied for core electron modeling. The electron localization function (ELF) [65,66,67] and one-electron potential (OEP) [68,69] projection analysis, Bader [70,71,72] atoms-in-molecules topological analysis of electron density (QTAIM) [73], electron density difference (EDD) [74,75,76,77,78] projections, and electron density/electrostatic potential (ED/ESP) profile analysis [79] were performed and visualized in Multiwfn 3.8 [41,80,81]. The analysis of the electrostatic surface (ρ = 0.001 e/bohr3) [82] potentials [83,84,85] (ESP) was carried out for isolated molecules in Multiwfn 3.8 and visualized in VMD 1.9.3. [86]. In terms of natural population analysis (NPA) [87,88], atomic charges and Wiberg bond indexes [89,90,91] were calculated for cluster models using GENNBO utility in NBO 7.0 [92] based on .47 files generated in Multiwfn 3.8.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Electrostatic Surface Potentials

Electrostatic potentials (ESP) on the surface (ρ = 0.001 a.u.) and in projections based on the experimentally obtained coordinates (Tables S7 and S8) were calculated (PBE-D3/jorge-DZP-DKH, GAWP) for the isolated molecules trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] and CHI3. The σ-hole potential on CHI3 is positive (+22.9 kcal/mol) for the I sites that can be observed both on the ESP surface and ESP projection (Figure 2). In trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2], both iodide ligands and the platinum center demonstrate significant negative potentials on all sides, with the smallest −23.8 kcal/mol and −32.8 kcal/mol values on Pt and I, respectively (Figure 2). The selected scale is optimal to convey as much information as possible about the molecular surface electrostatic potential. In this way, the opportunity of both C–I∙∙∙Pt and C–I∙∙∙I–Pt XB formation for their joint crystallization was predicted through ESP calculations.

3.2. Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction Data

Complex trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] and iodoform were cocrystallized in a molar ratio of 1:2 via the slow evaporation of their dichloromethane/ethylacetate (1:1) mixture at RT. The cocrystallization yielded a crystalline adduct trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, the structure of which was studied via single-crystal XRD (Figure 3 and Table S1).
The solid phase of the parent complex demonstrates the P21/c space group, whereas the P-1 space group is realized in the cocrystal (Table S1). In the XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, the bond angles around the PtII center are very close to 90° (88.78(10)° and 91.22(10)°; Table S2). The Pt1–N1–C1 and N1–C1–N2 fragments incline from the linearity, with the bond angles of 170.6(5)° and 174.9(6)°, correspondingly. The bond distances Pt1–N1, N1–C1, and C1–N2 are equal, within 3σ, to those of the parent unassociated complex trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (Figure S5). The Pt1–I1 distances (2.6068(4)Å) are slightly shorter than similar distances in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (2.6216(3)Å) but typical for Pt–I bonds [93]. In trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, the plane of the piperidine ring has a typical chair conformation, but in contrast to the unassociated complex, it strongly deviates from the plane of the linear fragments Pt1–N1–C1 and N1–C1–N2 (Figure S6).
The molecular structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] is represented by 2D layers (Figure S7), where the complex molecules are linked to each other via intermolecular C–H∙∙∙X (X = I, Pt) hydrogen bonds (HBs) between the Hs of the piperidine rings and the iodide ligands or the metal center of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (Table S3). In contrast to the parent unassociated complex, the crystal structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 exhibit 3D networks (Figure 3) comprising the complexes and CHI3 molecules, which are linked to each other via intermolecular C–I∙∙∙X (X = I, Pt) contacts (Table 1) and C–H∙∙∙I HBs between the H atoms of the piperidine ring and I centers of the iodoform (Table 2). At the same time, CHI3 molecules form intermolecular C1S–H1S···I3S HBs between each other.
The crystal structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 features two molecules of CHI3 per one molecule of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2], where each complex molecule is surrounded by six CHI3 molecules (Figure 4). The molecular structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 includes C–I∙∙∙I–Pt short contacts formed between two iodide ligands of 1 and I centers of CHI3, which comprise from 89% to 90% of the vdW radii sum defined by Bondi [94] (ΣvdW; 2RvdW(I) = 3.96 Å) (Figure 4 and Table 1). The angles around the iodine centers of CHI3 are close to 180° and are far from linear around the iodide ligands of 1. In turn, an inspection of the calculated ESP data for trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (Figure 2) reveals that the minimal ESP (−32.8 kcal/mol) is located on the I atoms of the Pt–I bonds. All these observations indicate the C–I∙∙∙I–Pt short contacts should be treated as XBs defined by IUPAC or as “type II” halogen–halogen interactions [1,95], where the iodide ligands act as nucleophilic centers toward iodoform σ-holes.
Besides C–I∙∙∙I–Pt XBs, the XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]·2CHI3 exhibits C–I∙∙∙Pt short contacts between the I centers of CHI3 and the metal center of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (Figure 3). The I1S∙∙∙Pt1 distances (3.5131(5) Å) are less than ΣvdW(I + Pt) = 3.73 Å, and the corresponding angles around I1S are close to linear (176.64(13)°). Thus, the observed interactions can be treated as C–I∙∙∙[dz2-PtII] metal-involving XBs, where PtII functions as a dz2-orbital-centered nucleophile (dz2-nucleophile). The nucleophilicity of metal complexes in similar X∙∙∙[dz2-M] XBs (X = I, Br) has been previously revealed for such metal centers as RhI [18], NiII [19,20,21], PdII [19,21,22], and PtII [21,22,23,24,25,26].
Other types of noncovalent interactions in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 are represented by C–H∙∙∙I hydrogen bonds (HBs) between the H atoms of the piperidine ring and the I centers of the iodoform (Table S3).

3.3. Theoretical Consideration

More information about the nature of interactions in cocrystals can be obtained through DFT calculations, which were performed in this work using two methodologies. The 1 × 1 × 1 cell (Figure 5 and Table S4 for Cartesian coordinates) containing 49 atoms was used for the calculations with periodic boundary conditions (the crystal model). Since the CP2K software package was chosen for the implementation of the calculations, no symmetry elements were applied in this system.
For gas-phase cluster calculations, the closest environment of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] in the adduct, or the so-called second sphere [96], was used for cluster construction (Figure 4; for Cartesian coordinates, see Table S9). The cluster center, i.e., the Pt atom, was placed in the center of a 20 × 20 × 20 Å3 box. Note that both the crystal and cluster models were based on the experimentally obtained atomic coordinates.
The CP2K software package was chosen for the implementation of the calculations under periodic boundary conditions using a PBE-D3 with a jorge-DZP-DKH basis set using the Douglas–Kroll–Hess second-order (DKH2) scalar relativistic calculations requested relativistic core Hamiltonian (Gaussian and augmented plane waves) or with DZVP-MOLOPT-SR-GTH with the Goedecker—Teter—Hutter pseudopotentials (Gaussian and plane waves). For the comparison, the same functional and basis sets were applied in the cluster model.
The Bader quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) method allows for the confirmation of the formation of the observed interactions and their noncovalent nature. The QTAIM topological analysis was performed for both the crystal and cluster models and revealed the presence of bond critical points (3, −1) (BCP) for the metal-involving and iodine∙∙∙iodine short contacts (Table 3). Small and negative values of sign(λ2)ρ at the BCPs can be used as evidence for the noncovalent and attractive nature of the XBs, correspondingly. Close to zero and positive values of energy density H(r) (0.000–0.002 Hartrees) and the relation of the potential energy density module |V(r)| and the Lagrangian kinetic energy G(r) (|V(r)|/G(r) ≤ 1) [72] on the BCPs allow for the identification of these interactions as typically noncovalent.
Another way to confirm the existence and noncovalent nature of the interactions under consideration is the Wiberg bond indexes (WBIs) [89,90,91] in the natural atomic orbital partitioning scheme [87,88], which was calculated for the (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6 cluster model in both relativistic and pseudopotential calculations (Table 4). In both calculation schemes, the WBIs for halogen bonds are in the 0.04–0.10 range, which is less than the typical indexes for coordination [97] or coordinative [98] halogen bonds [99].
In the (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6 cluster model, the charge transfer from the complex to iodoform molecules was also calculated using the summation of the atomic charges in the natural atomic partitioning scheme (natural population analysis, NPA). The sums of NPA atomic charges are negative for all three types of CHI3 molecules (Figure 4), corresponding to the three types of XBs (Table 5). The I2CH–I∙∙∙I–Pt halogen bonds were also confirmed with the corresponding charge transfer.
In the crystal model, the charge sums were also calculated as restricted electrostatic potential charges using the REPEAT methodology. In both models (with DKH2 or pseudopotentials) the charge sums per iodoform molecule are negative and almost the same (−0.230 and −0.219 e, respectively), which confirms the total electrophilicity of CHI3 toward trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3.
The electron localization function (ELF), which is a derivative of the electron wavefunctions, electron density, and its gradient, allows for the determination of the areas where shared and unshared electron pairs are located. A conjunction of the ELF projections and QTAIM critical points, bond, and interbasin paths is represented in the upper part of Figure 6. The OEP is steric potential with a negative value, which, like the ELF, locates shared and unshared electron pair areas but depends only on electron density and its derivatives. The same OEP + QTAIM combination can also be found in the lower part of Figure 6.
In the cluster and crystal models, the I∙∙∙Pt bond paths (Figure 6) pass through the depletion I ELF areas in the iodoform. These observations confirm the electrophilicity of iodine atoms toward the metal center in the I∙∙∙Pt interactions. The same analysis can be performed for the OEP projections. Notably, the location of critical bond points and the bond paths is the same in both the cluster and crystal models, which indicates the similarity of the nature of noncovalent interactions.
The nucleophilicity of the Pt center toward iodine atoms in CHI3 was also proved through a comparison of the electron density (ED) and electrostatic potential (ESP) profiles along the I∙∙∙Pt bond paths in the cluster models. This analysis [79,100,101], which has already been applied for halogen bonds including metals [18,21,29,30], shows the roles of noncovalent partners since the ED minimum is closer to the electrophile nucleus, the ESP minimum is near the nucleophile nucleus, and the area between the minima corresponds to nucleophile lone pair. Accordingly, in both relativistic and pseudopotential calculations (Figure 7), the ESP minimum along the I∙∙∙Pt bond path is closer to the Pt nucleus; therefore, the metal center can be treated as a nucleophile in the XB.
Another way to confirm the Pt nucleophilicity toward iodine in iodoform is the electron density difference (EDD, also known as electron density shift) calculations [74,75,76,77,78]. This method is well known for cluster calculations (Figure 8A), when the electron density of the isolated molecules is subtracted from the cluster electron density, showing electron gain and loss under cluster formation with preserved geometries. In this work, we first performed analogous calculations for the crystal model (Figure 8B), where the electron densities of hypothetical cells with atoms from only the first (Table S5) or second (Table S6) type of molecules were used as subtrahends for the electron density from an original crystal model (Table S4).
EDD projections (Figure 9) were drawn for both pseudopotential and full-electron relativistic calculations for the cluster and crystal models, and they were performed together with the topological analysis of electron density (QTAIM). In all cases, sufficient electron lost areas (red) can be found around Pt nuclear points, whereas the electron gain areas (blue) are mostly around the C atoms of iodoform molecules. These observations can be interpreted as electron charge transfer from Pt dz2-orbital to LUMOs of iodoform molecules, in accordance with NPA and RESP charge sums for the cluster and crystal models, respectively. In the case of the cluster models, the electron concentration on the C atoms of CHI3 is caused only by the C−I∙∙∙Pt halogen bonds. Thus, the EDD projections can also be viewed as the last evidence for XB formation and the nucleophilicity of the PtII center toward iodoform molecules.

4. Conclusions

In this work, we demonstrated that the platinum(II) iodide dialkylcyanamide complex trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] can be cocrystallized with iodoform, forming the cocrystal trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3 (Figure 4). Upon the analysis of noncovalent forces in the XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, in addition to a rather conventional C–H∙∙∙I HBs and C−I∙∙∙I XBs, we recognized C–I∙∙∙PtII metal-involving XBs, where the platinum(II) center functions as a dz2-orbital-donating nucleophile.
The nature of the observed contacts was theoretically confirmed using DFT calculations performed with two complementary methodologies: (i) single-point calculations (cluster model) and (ii) calculations with periodic boundary conditions (crystal model), both performed using the CP2K program with pseudopotential or full-electron relativistic bases. DFT calculations (PBE-D3/jorge-DZP-DKH, GAWP) for the isolated molecules revealed the σ-holes (ρ = 0.001 e/bohr3) on the I atoms of CHI3 and negative electrostatic potentials on the Pt center and the iodide ligands of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]. The noncovalent nature and the existence of the C–I∙∙∙I–PtII and C–I∙∙∙PtII XBs were verified via the topological analysis of electron density within the QTAIM method and Wiberg bond indexes, whereas natural charges for the cluster models and RESP charges for the crystal models, as well as ELF, OEP, EDD projections, and ED/ESP profiles, confirmed the nucleophilicity of the platinum(II) center. Although CP2K has already been used to confirm σ-hole interactions, in this work, it was applied for the first time to investigate metal-involving XBs. The EDD methodology was also used, for the first time, in calculations with periodic boundary conditions.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cryst13050712/s1, Figure S1: 1H NMR spectrum of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (400 MHz, acetone-d6, 298 K); Figure S2: 13C NMR spectrum of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (101 MHz, acetone-d6, 298 K); Figure S3: 195Pt NMR spectrum of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (86 MHz, acetone-d6, 298 K); Figure S4: IR spectrum of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (CsI); Figure S5: XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]. Thermal ellipsoids are shown with 50% probability; Figure S6: Conformation of the complexes in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (top) and trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]·2CHI3 (bottom); Figure S7: The 2D layers in the XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]: (a) view along the a-axis; (b) view along the b-axis; (c) ) view along the c-axis; Table S1: Crystal data and structure refinement for trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3; Table S2: Selected bond distances and angles in the XRD structures of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] and trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]·2CHI3; Table S3: Parameters of HBs in the XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]; Tables S4–S10: Cartesian coordinates for models.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.A.E., D.M.I. and S.A.B.; methodology, A.A.E. and D.M.I.; investigation, M.A.K., A.M.C. and I.S.A.; writing—original draft preparation, R.I.K., O.A.M., A.A.E. and D.M.I.; writing—review and editing, A.A.E. and D.M.I.; visualization, A.M.C., R.I.K., E.S.O., A.V.R., O.A.M. and D.M.I.; supervision, A.A.E. and D.M.I.; project administration, A.A.E., D.M.I. and S.A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project 22-73-10021, synthetic and crystal engineering studies; project 21-73-00059, theoretical calculations).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

Physicochemical measurements were performed at the Center for XRD Studies, Center for Magnetic Resonance, and Center for Chemical Analysis and Materials Research (all belonging to St Petersburg State University).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 13 00712 g001 550
Figure 1. Studied XB partners.
Figure 1. Studied XB partners.
Crystals 13 00712 g001
Crystals 13 00712 g002 550
Figure 2. ESP on surface (ρ = 0.001 a.u.) for CHI3 (left) and trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (right) in kcal/mol.
Figure 2. ESP on surface (ρ = 0.001 a.u.) for CHI3 (left) and trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] (right) in kcal/mol.
Crystals 13 00712 g002
Crystals 13 00712 g003 550
Figure 3. The 3D network in the XRD structure of in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3. The contacts’ shorter Bondi vdW radii sums are presented by dotted lines. Hereinafter, thermal ellipsoids are shown with 50% probability.
Figure 3. The 3D network in the XRD structure of in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3. The contacts’ shorter Bondi vdW radii sums are presented by dotted lines. Hereinafter, thermal ellipsoids are shown with 50% probability.
Crystals 13 00712 g003
Crystals 13 00712 g004 550
Figure 4. The environment of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, XBs are presented by dotted lines.
Figure 4. The environment of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, XBs are presented by dotted lines.
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Crystals 13 00712 g005 550
Figure 5. The 1 × 1 × 1 cell applied for DFT calculations with periodic boundary conditions. XBs within the cell are presented by dotted lines.
Figure 5. The 1 × 1 × 1 cell applied for DFT calculations with periodic boundary conditions. XBs within the cell are presented by dotted lines.
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Crystals 13 00712 g006 550
Figure 6. OEP (upper) and ELF (lower) projections for the I2HC−I1S∙∙∙Pt∙∙∙I1S−CHI2 XBs in cluster and crystal models and QTAIM white bond paths, brown nuclear, blue bond, and orange ring critical points, and blue or black interbasin paths.
Figure 6. OEP (upper) and ELF (lower) projections for the I2HC−I1S∙∙∙Pt∙∙∙I1S−CHI2 XBs in cluster and crystal models and QTAIM white bond paths, brown nuclear, blue bond, and orange ring critical points, and blue or black interbasin paths.
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Crystals 13 00712 g007 550
Figure 7. ED and ESP profiles along the I∙∙∙Pt bond path in (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6 cluster model with relativistic (left) or pseudopotential (right) calculations.
Figure 7. ED and ESP profiles along the I∙∙∙Pt bond path in (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6 cluster model with relativistic (left) or pseudopotential (right) calculations.
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Crystals 13 00712 g008 550
Figure 8. Principal scheme of EDD calculations for cluster (A) and crystal (B) models.
Figure 8. Principal scheme of EDD calculations for cluster (A) and crystal (B) models.
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Crystals 13 00712 g009 550
Figure 9. EDD projections for the I2HC−I1S∙∙∙Pt∙∙∙I1S−CHI2 XBs in cluster and crystal models with QTAIM black bond paths, brown nuclear, blue bond, orange ring critical points, and gray interbasin paths for calculations performed with GTH pseudopotentials (upper) or full-electron bases with relativism (lower). Contour lines were drawn from −0.02 to 0.02 e with 0.0005 steps; lines with negative values are red, lines with positive values are blue, and zero lines are purple and dotted.
Figure 9. EDD projections for the I2HC−I1S∙∙∙Pt∙∙∙I1S−CHI2 XBs in cluster and crystal models with QTAIM black bond paths, brown nuclear, blue bond, orange ring critical points, and gray interbasin paths for calculations performed with GTH pseudopotentials (upper) or full-electron bases with relativism (lower). Contour lines were drawn from −0.02 to 0.02 e with 0.0005 steps; lines with negative values are red, lines with positive values are blue, and zero lines are purple and dotted.
Crystals 13 00712 g009
Table
Table 1. Parameters of XBs in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3.
Table 1. Parameters of XBs in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3.
Contactd(X∙∙∙Y), ÅNc a∠(C–X∙∙∙Y),°
C2S–I2S∙∙∙I1–Pt13.5285(6)0.89172.90(17)
C1S–I3S∙∙∙I1–Pt13.5745(7)0.90170.39(16)
C1S–I1S∙∙∙Pt1–I13.5131(5)0.94176.64(13)
a The normalized contact (Nc) is defined as the ratio between the separation observed in the crystal and the sum of Bondi vdW radii of interacting atoms: Nc = d/ΣvdW; ΣvdW(I + I) = 3.96 Å; ΣvdW(I + Pt) = 3.73 Å.
Table
Table 2. Parameters of HBs in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3.
Table 2. Parameters of HBs in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3.
Contactd(H∙∙∙Y), Åd(C∙∙∙Y), ÅNc a∠(C–X∙∙∙Y),°
C2–H2B∙∙∙I2S3.0200(5)3.976(6)0.95146.1(4)
C1S–H1S∙∙∙I3S3.1475(5)3.866(6)0.99123.9(3)
C2–H2B∙∙∙I3S3.2186(5)3.968(4)1.01126.5(3)
a The normalized contact (Nc) is defined as the ratio between the separation observed in the crystal and the sum of Bondi vdW radii of interacting atoms: Nc = d/ΣvdW; ΣvdW(H + I)  =  3.18 Å.
Table
Table 3. Sign(λ2)ρ (in e/bohr3), Laplacian ∇2ρ (in e/bohr5), potential energy density V(r), Lagrangian kinetic energy G(r), and energy density H(r) (in Hartree) at the bond critical points (3, −1), corresponding to different noncovalent interactions in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]·2CHI3.
Table 3. Sign(λ2)ρ (in e/bohr3), Laplacian ∇2ρ (in e/bohr5), potential energy density V(r), Lagrangian kinetic energy G(r), and energy density H(r) (in Hartree) at the bond critical points (3, −1), corresponding to different noncovalent interactions in trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]·2CHI3.
XBModelSign (λ2)ρ∇2ρG(r)V(r)H(r)
I2CH–I1S∙∙∙Pt1cluster a–0.0140.0320.007–0.0070.000
cluster b–0.0130.0310.007–0.0070.000
crystal a–0.0140.0330.008–0.0070.001
crystal b–0.0130.0320.007–0.0070.000
I2CH–I2S∙∙∙I1cluster a–0.0160.0420.010–0.0090.001
cluster b–0.0150.0320.007–0.0070.000
crystal a–0.0160.0440.011–0.0100.001
crystal b–0.0150.0340.008–0.0070.001
I2CH–I3S∙∙∙I1cluster a–0.0150.0400.010–0.0090.001
cluster b–0.0140.0320.007–0.0060.001
crystal a–0.0150.0430.010–0.0090.001
crystal b–0.0140.0310.007–0.0070.000
a GAPW, PBE-D3/jorge-DZP-DKH with the Douglas–Kroll–Hess 2nd-order scalar relativistic calculations requested relativistic core Hamiltonian. b GPW, PBE-D3/DZVP-MOLOPT-SR-GTH with the Goedecker—Teter—Hutter pseudopotentials.
Table
Table 4. Sums of NPA charges in e for CHI3 molecules, forming different interactions in (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6.
Table 4. Sums of NPA charges in e for CHI3 molecules, forming different interactions in (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6.
XBWBI aWBI b
I2CH–I1S∙∙∙Pt10.100.04
I2CH–I2S∙∙∙I10.090.10
I2CH–I3S∙∙∙I10.080.09
a GAPW, PBE-D3/jorge-DZP-DKH with the Douglas–Kroll–Hess 2nd order scalar relativistic calculations requested relativistic core Hamiltonian. b GPW, PBE-D3/DZVP-MOLOPT-SR-GTH with the Goedecker—Teter—Hutter pseudopotentials
Table
Table 5. Sums of NPA charges in e for CHI3 molecules, forming different interactions in (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6.
Table 5. Sums of NPA charges in e for CHI3 molecules, forming different interactions in (trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2])∙(CHI3)6.
XBΣNPA aΣNPA b
I2CH–I1S∙∙∙Pt1–0.070–0.043
I2CH–I2S∙∙∙I1–0.057–0.074
I2CH–I3S∙∙∙I1–0.073–0.078
a GAPW, PBE-D3/jorge-DZP-DKH with the Douglas–Kroll–Hess 2nd-order scalar relativistic calculations requested relativistic core Hamiltonian. b GPW, PBE-D3/DZVP-MOLOPT-SR-GTH with the Goedecker—Teter—Hutter pseudopotentials.
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Eliseeva, A.A.; Khazanova, M.A.; Cheranyova, A.M.; Aliyarova, I.S.; Kravchuk, R.I.; Oganesyan, E.S.; Ryabykh, A.V.; Maslova, O.A.; Ivanov, D.M.; Beznosyuk, S.A. Metal-Involving Halogen Bonding Confirmed Using DFT Calculations with Periodic Boundary Conditions. Crystals 2023, 13, 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050712

AMA Style

Eliseeva AA, Khazanova MA, Cheranyova AM, Aliyarova IS, Kravchuk RI, Oganesyan ES, Ryabykh AV, Maslova OA, Ivanov DM, Beznosyuk SA. Metal-Involving Halogen Bonding Confirmed Using DFT Calculations with Periodic Boundary Conditions. Crystals. 2023; 13(5):712. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050712

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eliseeva, Anastasiya A., Marina A. Khazanova, Anna M. Cheranyova, Irina S. Aliyarova, Roman I. Kravchuk, Evfpraksiia S. Oganesyan, Andrey V. Ryabykh, Olga A. Maslova, Daniil M. Ivanov, and Serge A. Beznosyuk. 2023. "Metal-Involving Halogen Bonding Confirmed Using DFT Calculations with Periodic Boundary Conditions" Crystals 13, no. 5: 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050712

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