Next Article in Journal
Effect of Laser Heat Input on the Microstructures and Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Ti60 Laser Welded Joints
Next Article in Special Issue
An Enhanced Deep Learning-Based Pharmaceutical Crystal Detection with Regional Filtering
Previous Article in Journal
Electrochemical Recovery of N and P from Municipal Wastewater
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Prevention of Crystal Agglomeration: Mechanisms, Factors, and Impact of Additives

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shandong Analysis and Test Center), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2024, 14(8), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14080676
Submission received: 1 July 2024 / Revised: 17 July 2024 / Accepted: 23 July 2024 / Published: 24 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystallization and Purification)

Abstract

Crystal agglomeration is a common phenomenon for most chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The formation of agglomerates usually lowers product purity and generates a broad particle size distribution. This review focuses on preventing agglomeration in solution crystallization, the storage of crystals, and pharmaceutical preparation processes. The agglomeration mechanisms in these stages are analyzed and the effects of operating parameters are summarized. Furthermore, effective control means related to the crystallization environment are elaborated, including solvents, ultrasound, and additives. Special attention is paid to the influence of additives in preventing the aggregation of both suspensions and dried powders. Besides additives used in solution crystallization, the roles of anti-caking agents, stabilizers of nanosuspensions, and excipients of solid dispersions are also discussed. The additive type and properties like hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, ionic strength, viscosity, the steric hindrance effect, and intermolecular interactions between additives and crystals can greatly affect the degree of agglomeration.
Keywords: crystallization; agglomeration; pharmaceuticals; processing parameters; additives crystallization; agglomeration; pharmaceuticals; processing parameters; additives

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, H.; Du, S.; Wang, Y.; Xue, F. Prevention of Crystal Agglomeration: Mechanisms, Factors, and Impact of Additives. Crystals 2024, 14, 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14080676

AMA Style

Zhang H, Du S, Wang Y, Xue F. Prevention of Crystal Agglomeration: Mechanisms, Factors, and Impact of Additives. Crystals. 2024; 14(8):676. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14080676

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Huixiang, Shichao Du, Yan Wang, and Fumin Xue. 2024. "Prevention of Crystal Agglomeration: Mechanisms, Factors, and Impact of Additives" Crystals 14, no. 8: 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14080676

APA Style

Zhang, H., Du, S., Wang, Y., & Xue, F. (2024). Prevention of Crystal Agglomeration: Mechanisms, Factors, and Impact of Additives. Crystals, 14(8), 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14080676

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop