Thermal Decomposition of Kraft Lignin under Gas Atmospheres of Argon, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. FTIR Spectroscopy
2.3. Thermal Decomposition
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. FT-IR
3.2. Product Distribution
3.3. Gas Evolution
3.3.1. H2
3.3.2. CO2
3.3.3. CH4
3.3.4. CO
3.3.5. Phenol (C6H5OH)
3.3.6. Benzene (C6H6)
3.3.7. Formaldehyde (HCHO)
3.3.8. Methanol (CH3OH)
3.3.9. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
3.4. Liquid Phase Analysis
3.5. Analysis and Characterization of Solid Products
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gas/Volatile | Gas Atmosphere | ||
---|---|---|---|
Argon | Hydrogen °C | Carbon Dioxide | |
H2 | 522–1000 (722) | 205–527 (403) * 527–800 (568) * 800–1000 | 821 (522–1000) |
CO2 | 185–583 (407) 583–791 (642) | 162–554 (371) 654–770 (600) | 585–1000 * |
CH4 | 236–532 (455) 532–915 (567) | 268–495 (455) 495–688 (615) 688–1000 (745) | 266–443 (404) 445–920 (495) |
CO | 246–679 (422) 679–1000 (773) | 155–780 (495) 780–1000 (910) | 279–547 (535) 547–1000 (1000) |
C6H5OH | 338–610 (473) | 239–854 (462) | 345–600 (445) |
C6H6 | 528–938 (697) | 510–799 (718) 799–1000 | 656–1000 (828) |
HCHO | 329–678 (488) | 249–850 (479) | 390–601 (482) |
CH3OH | 361–595 (464) | 299–778 (443) | 395–537 (455) |
H2S | 210–646 (341) | 199–656 (305) 704–1000 (949) | 228–645 (316) |
Aqueous Phase Components | Ar | H2 | CO2 |
---|---|---|---|
Water content | 90.1 | 85.3 | 95.5 |
Compounds in aqueous phase | |||
Acetic acid | 27.8 | 25.5 | 29.1 |
Acetone | 8.5 | 8.6 | 9.1 |
Hydroxyacetaldehyde | 6.7 | 6.6 | 5.7 |
Methanol | 2.5 | 4.5 | 2.1 |
Phenols | 24.7 | 27.6 | 24.3 |
Other acids | 8.5 | 6.1 | 10.7 |
Other alcohols | 2.7 | 2.9 | 1.5 |
Other ketones | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5 |
Other aldehydes | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4 |
Esters | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
Nonidentified | 7.3 | 6.8 | 7.2 |
Thermally Treated Condition | C | H | O | N | S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated | 65.2 ± 0.2 | 6.1 ± 0.2 | 27.4 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
Under Ar | 92.3 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | - | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Under H2 | 96.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | - | - |
Under CO2 | 97.5 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | - | - |
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Yan, Q.; Li, J.; Zhang, J.; Cai, Z. Thermal Decomposition of Kraft Lignin under Gas Atmospheres of Argon, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide. Polymers 2018, 10, 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070729
Yan Q, Li J, Zhang J, Cai Z. Thermal Decomposition of Kraft Lignin under Gas Atmospheres of Argon, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide. Polymers. 2018; 10(7):729. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070729
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Qiangu, Jinghao Li, Jilei Zhang, and Zhiyong Cai. 2018. "Thermal Decomposition of Kraft Lignin under Gas Atmospheres of Argon, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide" Polymers 10, no. 7: 729. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10070729