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Article

A Highly Efficient White Luminescent Zinc (II) Based Metallopolymer by RGB Approach

by
Barbara Panunzi
1,
Rosita Diana
1 and
Ugo Caruso
2,*
1
Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici NA, Italy
2
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2019, 11(10), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101712
Submission received: 20 September 2019 / Revised: 15 October 2019 / Accepted: 16 October 2019 / Published: 18 October 2019
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Abstract

:
Three aryl-hydrazone O,N,O tridentate ligands with a different electron-withdrawing substituent were prepared. The introduction of a flexible charged chain in the ligands guaranteed solubility in many organic solvents and in water. The increasing withdrawing aptitude of the substituents red-shifted the emission in the correspondent metallopolymers. The metallated polymers were obtained by grafting ligand-zinc (II) coordination fragments onto commercial poly-(4-vinylpyridine). Metallopolymers thin films exhibited red, green and blue emission colors defined by Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates and medium to excellent photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (PLQYs) comparable with other highly-performing active materials for Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). By grafting a suitable mix of the three different coordination pendants, an efficient single-component white emissive metallopolymer with CIE (0.30, 0.31) was prepared. Thanks to the charged moiety, the polymers resulted miscible with an ionic liquid. The addition produced homogeneous polymeric layers with unaltered PL performances, potentially employable in Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs).

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source emitting light undercurrent flow. The color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. In particular, white light emission has attracted increasing attention, due to the potential for application in lighting devices and displays. The most common way to realize white-light-emitting devices is based on the three-color-mixing method. Red, green and blue (RGB) light-mixing is obtained by a suitable mix of fluorophores. RGB devices are obtained by a multilayer system with sequential deposition of red, green, and blue emissive species, mixed in a physical blend. In the white organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) photoluminescent (PL) organic π-conjugated systems play the leading role. On the other hand, the use of transition metal complexes as emitters in Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) technology is well known [1,2,3]. Due to their excellent PL properties and vivid colors, the rare earths ions have been the first choice for LEDs and white LEDs (WLEDs) [4,5,6].
More recently, WPLEDs (white polymer LEDs) based on photoactive polymeric layers have joined, and sometimes take place, of the small-molecular based LEDs [7]. In this approach, a polymer blend usually provides the required tuning of white color. Great efforts have been made to realize a simpler and less expensive manufacturing process [8,9]. To achieve these targets, many research groups have concentrated on polymeric active layers of covalently bonded macro-architecture. Dye-doped blends are often employed in WPLEDs production. However, the unique synthetic versatility and processability and the color tuning of the polymers are irreplaceable. To date, the challenge to obtain easy and cost-effective solid-state active materials for WPLEDs is geared to the design of new intrinsically PL active macromolecules [10,11,12,13,14,15], both organic and metallo-based. Polymers containing transition metal complexes (metallopolymers) represent a relevant varied class of materials. Electron rich ligands coordinated to metal centers can enhance optical and electronic properties [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Rare earths containing metallopolymers have received significant interest [26,27] for the noteworthy PL performance, but the toxicity and high process and disposal costs represent a limit on the production of LED devices.
In previous contributions, we explored the role of the metal in tunable highly emissive complexes and in the related metallopolymers, outside of the rare earths group [26,27]. The embedding of the coordination fluorogenic cores into polymeric chains can transfer the emission properties of the micro-environment to a macro-system, with the advantage to match the desired PL performance with the processability of the polymers. Group 12 metal ions, with d10 cations, keep a special place, due to the versatility in the structural built and the tunability of PL properties [28]. In addition, zinc ion as a biocompatible low-cost metal is one of the most viable alternatives to rare earths. Due to its closed-shell pattern, zinc ion can preserve or enhance PL performances of the chelating ligands, and this causes a growing interest for industrial applications [29,30,31,32,33]. Processable, stable and cheap PL metallopolymers can be obtained by assembly organic moieties and zinc cations.
Here we report on the synthesis of three acyl-hydrazone ligands. The compounds bear fluoro, cyano and nitro substituents, and a flexible charged chain guaranteeing solubility in many organic solvents and in water. The hydrazones LB, LG and LR (Scheme 1) act as O,N,O ligands toward zinc ion. An easy synthetic route was employed by grafting the coordination moieties to a preformed poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy) to obtain the polymers PB, PG and PR. By increasing the withdrawing strength of the substituent in the ligand, PL color tuning has been achieved. The solid polymers exhibit respectively blue, green and red luminescence with medium to excellent (82% for the green-emissive polymer) PLQYs. By modulating the contents of various emissive pendants into a single polymer chain, an efficient single-component white emissive material (PW) with CIE coordinates (0.30, 0.31) was obtained.
Unlike similar grafted systems [34,35] the charged metallopolymers resulted emissive both in the solid state and in concentered solutions. Moreover, PL performances resulted implemented in color purity and in PLQYs. This feature increases their potential for use in traditional LEDs and even in soft-based light-emitting devices, such as light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). LECs are low-cost, easy fabrication lightening devices [16,36,37,38] based on a luminescent polymer mixed with mobile ionic species or intrinsically ionic transition-metal complexes. The introduction of the flexible chain ending with an ionic group [39,40,41] in the ligands made the metallated polymers compatible with an ionic medium. Films of the polymers mixed with the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) were obtained, and the basic optical and electronic properties examined.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All starting products and solvents were commercially available. 5-(4-formyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)-N,N,N-trimethylpentan-1-aminium bromide was prepared accordingly with a known procedure [42,43] BMIM-PF6 and PVPy (Mw = 60,000 and Tg = 137 °C) were Sigma-Aldrich products (chemicals, St. Louis, MO, USA). Optical observations were performed by a Zeiss Axioscop polarizing microscope with an FP90 Mettler heating stage (thermogravimetric analysis, PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). By using a DSC scanning calorimeter Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 (DSC scanning calorimeter, PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) at a scanning rate of 10 °C/min, under nitrogen flow, phase transition temperatures and enthalpies were measured. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed by a Perkin Elmer TGA 4000 (thermogravimetric analysis, PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The zinc content was measured as ZnO residue from TGA analysis. Decomposition temperature was evaluated at 5% weight loss. 1H NMR of the ligands and the polymers were recorded in 1,1,2,2-TCE d2 using a Bruker Spectrometer operating at 400 MHz. UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were recorded by Jasco F-530 spectrometer (scan rate 200 nm min−1, JASCO Inc., Mary’s Court, Easton, MD 21601, USA) and Jasco FP-750 spectrofluorometer (JASCO Inc., Mary’s Court, Easton, MD, USA) respectively.

2.2. Thin Films for Optical Measurements and PLQYs Setup

The thin film sample used for PLQYs were prepared by an SCS P6700 spin-coater apparatus. The in-situ reaction of zinc-driven self-assembly afforded thin films of the metallopolymers by spin-coating the NMP reaction mixture onto quartz slides (operating at 600 rpm for 60” in a first step and at 1400 rpm for 60” in a second step) and annealing the films at 150 °C for 10′. The films were washed with isopropyl alcohol twice and dried at 60 °C for 20′.
The samples with BMIM-PF6 were obtained from a mixture at 10% wt. of the ionic liquid and the polymer, by spin-coating at 600 rpm for 60” in a first step and at 1400 rpm for 60” in a second step on glass substrates. After annealing at 150 °C for 10′ the films were dried at 60 °C for 20′ in a vacuum.
PLQY of a molecule or material is defined as the ratio of photons absorbed to photons emitted through fluorescence. Photoluminescence quantum efficiency values of thin films of the polymers were recorded on quartz substrates by a Fluorolog 3 (spectrofluorometer, Horiba Jobin Instruments, Kyoto, Japan). Due to the high refractive index of the films, which results in substantial waveguiding of the luminescence, the spectrofluorometer was equipped with an integrating sphere with an optical fibre connection. This overcomes the angular dependence of the emission from film. A measurement is done of the fluorescence emission (Ec) and the scatter (Lc) of the sample and the emission and scatter of a blank (La and Ea). From the two spectral measurements (sample and blank), the PLQY can be calculated from the Equation:
Φ = Ec − (1 − A)Eb/La∙A = Ec − Ea/La − Lc,
where Eb is the integrated luminescence from the sample caused by indirect luminescence from the sphere and A is the absorbance of the sample at the excitation wavelength.

2.3. Synthesis of Ligands LR, LG and LB

The ligands were synthesized by the same general procedure. As an example, the synthesis of LB is described. To 0.345 g (1.00 mmol) of 5-(4-formyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)-N,N,N-trimethylpentan-1-aminium bromide dissolved in 15 mL of ethanol 0.146 g (0.95 mmol) of 4-fluoro-benzohydrazide were added. The reaction was kept under stirring at reflux for 30 min. After this time the solution was cooled in an ice bath the precipitation of a whitish crystalline solid ensuing. The solid was recovered by filtration and crystallized from ethanol. Yield: 70%. Mp = 262 °C. Decomposition temperature: 319 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, 1,1,2,2-TCE d2, 25 °C): δ = 1.13 (m, 2 H), 1.90 (m, 2 H), 2.22 (m, 2 H), 3.42 (s, 9H), 3.79 (m, 2H), 4.09 (t, 2H), 6.50 (m, 2 H), 7.27 (m, 3 H), 8.30 (dd, 2H), 9.00 (s, 1 H), 12.02 (s, 1 H), 12.14 (s,1 H) ppm. Elemental analysis calculated (%) for C22H29N3O3FBr: C, 54.78; H, 6.06; N, 8.71; found: C, 54.93; H, 6.67; N, 8.70.
LG: Yield 77%, Mp = 290 °C. Decomposition temperature: 302 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, 1,1,2,2-TCE d2, 25 °C): δ = 1.19 (m, 2 H), 2.00 (m, 2 H), 2.22 (m, 2 H), 3.44 (s, 9H), 3.80 (m, 2H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1 H), 6.51 (d, 1 H), 7.40 (d, 3 H), 8.22 (m, 2 H), 8.86 (s, 1 H), 11.87 (s, 1 H), 12.00 (s, 1 H) ppm. Elemental analysis calculated (%) for C23H29N4O3Br: C, 56.45; H, 5.97; N, 11.45; found: C, 56.43; H, 6.00; N, 11.33.
LR: Yield 80%, Mp = 263 °C. Decomposition temperature: 300 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, 1,1,2,2-TCE d2, 25 °C): δ = 1.13 (m, 2 H), 1.90 (m, 2 H), 2.22 (m, 2 H), 3.42 (s, 9H), 3.79 (m, 2H), 4.09 (t, 2H) 6.45 (s, 1 H), 6.49 (m, 1 H), 7.43 (d, 1 H), 8.23 (d, 2 H), 8.33 (m, 2 H), 8.65 (s, 1 H), 11.79 (s, 1 H), 12.02 (s, 1 H) ppm. Elemental analysis calculated (%) for C22H29N4O5Br: C, 51.87; H, 5.74; N, 11.00; found: C, 51.43; H, 5.88; N, 11.03.

2.4. Synthesis of Metallopolymers PR, PG, PB and PW

The polymers were synthesized by the same general procedure. As an example, the synthesis of PB is described. An amount of 0.900 g (7.43 mmol) dried poly-(4-vinylpyridine) was dissolved in 20 mL of NMP. Ligand LB (0.100 g, 0.207 mmol) was added to the solution under stirring. When all the ligand was dissolved, zinc acetate dihydrate (0.038 g, 0.207 mmol) was added. After 1 h at 60 °C, the solution was poured in 150 mL of methanol. The precipitated polymer was recovered by filtration and purified by dissolution in NMP and reprecipitation in methanol. Yield: 80%. Alternatively, the same solution was employed to produce in situ thin films.

2.5. Conductivity Measurements

In order to determine the electrical conductivity of the films in dark conditions, two silver stripes (300 nm) were thermally evaporated on the top of the investigated films deposited on glass substrates. The conductivity was calculated by using the Ohm law:
σ = I · s V · w · d ,
where I is the current, V the voltage, s the distance between two metal stripes, w the length of the stripe and d the thickness of the film. I and V were measured by HP 4140B pA meter/DC voltage source in dark condition.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Ligands LR, LG and LB

Multidentate O,N containing ligands as aryl-hydrazones are known for the ability to form stable transition metal complexes with optical and electro-optical properties. The appropriate choice of functional substituents on the ligands and of the metal cation are the factors involved in the tuning of PL performance achievable in the derived coordination complexes [26,44]. The ligands LR, LG and LB (in Scheme 1) were obtained by condensation reaction between a 4-substituted-benzohydrazide and 5-(4-formyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)-N,N,N-trimethylpentan-1-aminium bromide [45]. The compounds undergo keto-enol tautomeric interconversion, where keto-amino tautomer 1 is a more stable form than tautomer 2. In a basic solution, the deprotonated enolate 2 tautomer acts as bi-negative O,N,O-tridentate ligands.
The identification and evaluation of the purity degree were performed by elemental analysis and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Optical observation and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to observe crystalline textures and evaluate melting points. Due to the charged chain, the compounds melt after 250 °C with decomposition temperature above 300 °C (see Table 1).
The ligands show low green-yellow emission in diluted ethanol solution (PLQYs 1.5% for LB, 0.80% for LR and 2.1% for LG) and no relevant solvatochromism depending on the solvent polarity. Contrarily to similar not charged hydrazones [45,46], PLQYs measured on crystalline powder are appreciable for the fluoro and cyano derivatives (3.0% and 5.1% respectively), scarce for the nitro compound (0.7%). The emission maxima in the solid state, recorded in the green-yellow region, resulted slightly red-shifted, depending of the withdrawing strength of the substituent. As expected [45], ligands produce strong emission and an effective color tuning effect only after freezing in the planar rigid conformation, due to zinc coordination. Absorbance and emission maxima recorded in ethanol and on the neat crystalline solids are reported in Table 2.

3.2. Polymers PR, PG, PB and PW

We previously proposed a coordination approach based on the use of O,N,O ligands for transition metals as copper, nickel, palladium, cadmium and zinc [25,47,48,49] leading to highly stable complexes. Due to its closed-shell pattern and to the biocompatibility, zinc ion is a good candidate for devices production. This metal resulted able to enhance PL performances of the chelating ligands, determining the color tuning in the final materials. According to previous results [20], when the bi-negative ligand coordinate to zinc (II) ion, the coordination sphere can be completed by neutral pyridine molecules. The ability of pyridine to complete the coordination core of the complex was exploited for preparing metallopolymers by chemical grafting ligand-metal moieties onto commercially available poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy, Mw = 60,000 and Tg = 137 °C) as summarized in Scheme 1. This approach was demonstrated to produce metallated polymers with nominal concentrations, where the molecular weights of the metallopolymers depend on the grafting percentage and can be adjusted by varying Mw of the preformed chain.
Respect to the common practice of physical doping of a fluorophore in a non-emissive polymeric host matrix, this synthetic strategy represents an easy and cost-effective alternative. The practice experimented before with rare earths metals [44] in our case, adds the advantage of a biocompatible metal and excellent PLQYs at a low grafting percentage. Thanks to the chemical bond between metal centers and polymer chain, undesirable local structuring or phase separation can be avoided. Moreover, a single material is easier to process in the device fabrication.
According to previous studies [35], the best match between good PL performance and processability were obtained in 10 wt.% samples, composition expressed as ligand/(ligand+PVPy)%. This result comes from a particular situation. DFT calculation was previously performed on similar crystalline model complexes. HOMO was found mainly on the molecular plane of the ligand and LUMO on the pyridines that completed the coordination sphere [35]. The environment of the fluorophore units in the polymers resembles a pyridine concentered solution. In the 10% grafted polymers intermolecular interactions among fluorophores are reduced, due to the large number of surrounding pyridine units (where LUMO is located) of the polymeric chain and to the electrostatic repulsions between the cationic chains [50,51,52]. This additional factor justifies PLQYs increased by a factor 10 with respect to strictly similar emissive metallopolymers, without charged chain [35]. Samples with percentage quite higher 10% undergo aggregation caused quenching effect (ACQ) [53,54,55] related to rapid nonradiative decays of the excimers of neighboring fluorophores. Samples with percentages quite lower than 10% show poor emission, due to the scarce number of ligand moieties (where HOMO is located).
The metallopolymers are soluble in common organic solvents and exhibit good viscosity for film deposition (from N-methyl pyrrolidone, NMP, or ortho-dichlorobenzene, o-DCB, concentered solutions). Polymer solutions resulted stable for six months at least. No evidence of crystallinity was detected both in optical observations and in the DSC pattern. Respect to the free PVPy, the glass transition temperature increases from 31 to 51°C as a result of the grafting process (see Table 1). The TGA curves recorded from 50 to 600 °C on the solid samples show no weight loss below 340 °C (Table 1). Zinc content determined as ZnO from the residue at 600 °C (see Experimental Section) is in good agreement with the calculated residue. The 1H-NMR spectra generally appear consistent with the expected structure, but the intensity of the NMR signals of the metal-ligand fragments resulted very low with respect to PVPy backbone signals, and not clearly detectable. This behavior is observable in Figure 1, where the 1H-NMR spectrum of LB and the correspondent metallopolymer PB are compared.
The spectral pattern of the grafted polymer (blue curve) is consistent with the coordinative bond between the metal-ligand fragment and the PVPy chain. Some of the signals pertaining to the coordination core can be recognized. The resonance ascribable to the tridentate ligand CH=N proton at 8.71 ppm is observed at 9.00 ppm in the free ligand (red curve). Most aromatic resonances are overlapped by the two intense and broad signals centered at 8.50 and 6.67 ppm, due to the polymeric backbone. Only the signal at 7.20 ppm (recorded at 7.27 ppm in the spectrum of the ligand) can be clearly detected. As expected, the signals, due to the NH and OH group (respectively at 12.14 and 12.02 ppm in the cheto form of the ligand) are absent in the polymer spectrum. The signals at 4.08, 3.60 and 3.36 ppm in the blue curve is related to the ones at 4.09, 3.79 and 3.42 ppm (for the ligand), due to OCH2, NCH2 and N(CH3)3 groups. Finally, the resonance of a CH2 group in the alkoxy chain of LB is clearly visible at 2.22 in the spectrum of PB, while the rest is overlapped to the polymeric chain signals, from about 1.05 ppm and 2.10 ppm.
Polymeric thin films were obtained by dissolving the polymer in NMP and spin-coating on quartz slides. A more facile one-step in-situ route was also employed. The films produced according to the two methods showed the same properties. As described in the Experimental Section, the reaction mixture of ligand, zinc salt and PVPy can be directly spin-coated on quartz slides. After curing, washing and drying processes, the glassy thin films were employed to explore PL performances in the solid state. The one-step approach not needing a catalyst or initiator is a desirable technique used to depose the emissive layers onto the electrodes in LEDs and other light-emitting devices [56]. According to what observed for analogous systems [35], one or maybe two pyridine molecules could be involved as N donor ligands in penta- or hexacoordinated arrangements. For this reason, no permanent crosslinking is produced in the solid samples. This justifies the high tenacity and adhesion to the quartz substrate and the solubility, at the same time.
The polymeric films of PB, PG and PR emit respectively in the blue, green and red region of the visible spectrum, as perceptible even to the naked eye (see Figure 2, inset). Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates are (0.17, 0.24), (0.32, 0.56) and (0.54, 0.44) respectively. From medium to large Stokes Shifts (from 88 nm to 185 nm) were recorded, from absorbance (in the visible region) to emission maximum wavelength. This relevant parameter affects the intensity and color purity of the PL emission in LEDs.
PLQYs measured on the blue and on the green luminescent thin films of PB and PG are above 70% (Table 2). As far as we know, 82% measured for PG is unprecedented for a PL metallopolymer. On this base, both polymers can be effective emitters for classical blue and green LEDs. On the other hand, PLQY of PR (25%) is even remarkable because red fluorophores usually provide lower-emission energy, according to the “energy gap low” [57,58]. In all cases, emission resulted implemented both in color purity and in PLQYs respect to the PL metallopolymers we studied in the past [17,25,35,57].
Due to the nature of the charged ligand, the metallopolymers show emission in concentered solutions, while similar not charged systems had worst PL performance [35]. Appreciable PLQYs measured in NMP diluted solutions are from 5.3% (for PG) to 4.5% (PB) and 1.5% (PR). In Table 2 are reported the emission maxima of the same solutions. In a diluted system, the RGB tuning effect is lost, and the emissions are recorded in the lime-yellow region for all samples.
Starting from the information collected on the single metallopolymers, we prepared an efficient single-component white emissive material (PW). Since conventional emissive layers in light-emitting devices are composed of three components, morphological stability problems, due to phase separation can occur. In this regards, a single-component emissive polymer incorporating RGB emissive species into a single polymer chain is an intriguing novel approach [59]. In our case, the easiness of the synthesis and of the film deposition makes it the ideal solution.
A suitable mix of the three different coordination moieties was realized by modulating the contents of the three emissive pendants. The emission in the solid state of the white polymer was realized in the stoichiometric ratio B/G/R = 1.95/0.15/1.05 in moles at 10% total grafting percentage (expressed as ligand/(ligand+PVPy)%.). The red emissive component must be carefully dosed because it causes a decrease in the PL efficiency of the whole system. The spin-coated thin film of PW under UV lamp at 255 nm is pictured in Figure 3 (inset). The fluorescence spectra of the same sample irradiated at 255 nm appear as a single broad band from about 350 to 700 nm. The point in the “RGB triangle” with CIE coordinates of (0.30, 0.31), shown in Figure 3 corresponds to the emission of PW, slightly shifted in the blue region, but highly efficient. PLQY measured on the polymer is 37%, to the best of our knowledge, this is an excellent value for a single-component white emissive material in the solid state [60,61,62].
Due to their PL performance, synthetic easiness and processability in the solid state, we demonstrated the potential of the neat polymers for classical LEDs and WPLEDs construction. As potentially active layers of LECs, the first requirement to be met is the compatibility with an ionic medium. This preliminary test was performed by mixing the metallopolymers with the ionic liquid BMIM-PF6. Homogeneous thin films of the blends were obtained by spin-coating technique [21,24,63,64,65,66,67,68]. Interestingly, the addition of 10% wt. BMIM-PF6 [65] did not make any significant changes in the processability and PL properties (color and PLQY) of the single red, green and blue emissive polymers, and of the white polymer. On the other hand, as a brief glimpse of feasibility, we measured the electrical conductivity in dark conditions of the films with and without the addition of the ionic liquid. As can be seen in Table 3, the conductivity of the red, green, blue and white blend samples deposed on glass substrates increase of a factor from 102 to 104 respect to the neat samples. The conductivity of PW is higher by a factor 10 respect to the green polymer and 100 respect to the blue and red ones. No wonder though values of the electrical conductivity on optimized LEC devices are typically 100 times greater [64,69,70]. The thickness of the films, type and percentage of ionic liquid are relevant parameters that must be optimized. Nevertheless, the collected data can be considered an interesting starting point for the employ of our polymers, also in the fabrication of LECs active layers.

4. Conclusions

Three hydrazone tridentate ligands with a different electron-withdrawing substituent and a flexible charged chain were employed as ligand-zinc (II) coordination fragments, grafted onto commercial PVPy. Blue, green and red solid-state emission with CIE coordinates (0.17, 0.24), (0.32, 0.56) and (0.54, 0.44) has been achieved by increasing withdrawing aptitude of the substituent. To the easy synthetic approach, the advantage of a biocompatible metal and good PL performance at low grafting percentage were added. PLQYs measured on in situ spin-coated thin films reach the outstanding 82% PLQY for PG, which shows great potential as an active layer of green LEDs. By grafting an appropriate choice of different coordination pendants, it was obtained an efficient single-component white emissive metallopolymer based on simultaneous RGB emission, CIE coordinates (0.30, 0.31). With the noteworthy 37% PLQY the white-emissive polymer appears very promising as a single-emissive material for WPLEDs.
The insertion of the charged chain proved to be helpful to make the metallopolymers miscible with an ionic liquid. The potential as LECs active layers were tested on polymer/BMIM-PF6 blends, obtaining homogeneous layers with preserved PL performances. Though the thickness of the films and ionic liquid content must be optimized, the conductivity measured on the blends can be considered a promising starting point for actual employ for LECs layers.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, U.C. and B.P.; data curation and formal analysis, R.D.; funding acquisition, U.C.; investigation, U.C.; methodology, R.D. and B.P.; project administration, U.C.; resources, U.C.; writing—original draft, U.C. and B.P.; writing—review & editing, U.C.

Funding

This research was funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) (Piano Lauree Scientifiche “Scienza dei Materiali” 2016–2018).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Polymers 11 01712 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthetic route to ligands LR, LG and LB and metallopolymers PR, PG, PB and PW.
Scheme 1. Synthetic route to ligands LR, LG and LB and metallopolymers PR, PG, PB and PW.
Polymers 11 01712 sch001
Polymers 11 01712 g001 550
Figure 1. 1H-NMR spectrum of LB (red curve) and the correspondent metallopolymer PB (blue curve). The diagnostic resonances are evidenced.
Figure 1. 1H-NMR spectrum of LB (red curve) and the correspondent metallopolymer PB (blue curve). The diagnostic resonances are evidenced.
Polymers 11 01712 g001
Polymers 11 01712 g002 550
Figure 2. Normalized emission curves recorded on thin film (blue curve) samples of PB (blue curve), PG (green curve) and PR (red curve). In the inset: The same spin-coated thin films (respectively PG, PR and PB from left to right) photographed under the UV lamp at 365 nm.
Figure 2. Normalized emission curves recorded on thin film (blue curve) samples of PB (blue curve), PG (green curve) and PR (red curve). In the inset: The same spin-coated thin films (respectively PG, PR and PB from left to right) photographed under the UV lamp at 365 nm.
Polymers 11 01712 g002
Polymers 11 01712 g003 550
Figure 3. Emission curve recorded on a thin film of Pw (black curve). Under PB (blue curve), PG (green curve) and PR (red curve). The same spin-coated thin films photographed under the UV lamp at 255 nm in the inset. CIE 1931 RGB color space for the polymer samples.
Figure 3. Emission curve recorded on a thin film of Pw (black curve). Under PB (blue curve), PG (green curve) and PR (red curve). The same spin-coated thin films photographed under the UV lamp at 255 nm in the inset. CIE 1931 RGB color space for the polymer samples.
Polymers 11 01712 g003
Table
Table 1. Thermal data of ligands and polymers.
Table 1. Thermal data of ligands and polymers.
CompoundMp (°C) (a)Tg (°C) (b)Td (°C) (c)%ZnOt (d)%ZnOex (e)
LB262-310--
LG290-302--
LR263-300--
PB-1723401.661.70
PG-1883351.641.66
PR-1713301.571.59
PW-1683301.631.60
(a) Melting point. (b) Glass transition temperature. (c) Decomposition temperature. (d) Zinc content calculated as ZnO. (e) Zn content experimentally determined as ZnO.
Table
Table 2. Optical data of ligands and polymers.
Table 2. Optical data of ligands and polymers.
Compoundλabs.sol(nm) (a)λem.sol(nm) (b)λabs.film(nm) (c)λem.film(nm) (d)PLQY% (e)
LB329411(490)3305013.0 ± 0.2
LG3395123405215.1 ± 0.2
LR3464793805700.7 ± 0.1
PB344492(316)38647471 ± 2
PG343516(318)43052682 ± 2
PR435502(329)43562025 ± 2
PW354(broad)400–600(weak)251(315, 387)350–70057 ± 2
(a) Wavelength of UV-Visible absorbance maxima in ethanol solution (ligands) and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution (polymers). (b) Wavelength of emission maxima in ethanol solution (ligands) and NMP solution (polymers). (c) Wavelength of UV-Visible absorbance maxima on a thin film obtained from the neat samples. (d) Wavelength of emission maxima on a thin film obtained from the neat samples. (e) PL quantum yield measured on thin films.
Table
Table 3. Electrical conductivity measured on neat polymeric samples and on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) blends.
Table 3. Electrical conductivity measured on neat polymeric samples and on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) blends.
CompoundBMIM-PF6 (% wt.)Conductivity (μS/m)
PB01.9·10−4
PG04.4·10−3
PR01.5·10−4
PW02.3·10−2
PB105.7·10−2
PG101.3·10−1
PR103.4·10−2
PW101.5

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Panunzi, B.; Diana, R.; Caruso, U. A Highly Efficient White Luminescent Zinc (II) Based Metallopolymer by RGB Approach. Polymers 2019, 11, 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101712

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Panunzi B, Diana R, Caruso U. A Highly Efficient White Luminescent Zinc (II) Based Metallopolymer by RGB Approach. Polymers. 2019; 11(10):1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101712

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Panunzi, Barbara, Rosita Diana, and Ugo Caruso. 2019. "A Highly Efficient White Luminescent Zinc (II) Based Metallopolymer by RGB Approach" Polymers 11, no. 10: 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101712

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Panunzi, B., Diana, R., & Caruso, U. (2019). A Highly Efficient White Luminescent Zinc (II) Based Metallopolymer by RGB Approach. Polymers, 11(10), 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101712

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