Application of Colloidal Dispersions of Bioshell Calcium Oxide (BiSCaO) for Disinfection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Powders and Chemicals
2.2. BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions with Na-polyPO4 (PP) or Na-triPO4 (TP)
2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Cryo-images of BiSCaO Dry Powder and BiSCaO Colloidal Dispersions with PP
2.4. Flocculation and Precipitation of Trypan Blue with BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
2.5. Flocculation and Precipitations of Albumin with BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
2.6. Flocculation and Precipitation of Chondroitin Sulfate, Heparin, Non-Anticoagulant Heparin Carrying Polystyrene (NAC-HCPS) and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin/Protamine Nanoparticles (LMWH/P NPs) with BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
2.7. Microbicidal Efficacies of BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
3. Results
3.1. BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions with Na-polyPO4 (PP) and Na-triPO4 (TP)
3.2. Cryo-SEM Images of BiSCaO Dispersions Formed by Adding PP
3.3. Flocculation/Precipitation of Trypan Blue with BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
3.4. Flocculation/Precipitation of Albumin with BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
3.5. Flocculation/Precipitation of Chondroitin Sulfate, Heparin, NAC-HCPS, and LMWH/P NPs with BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
3.6. Antimicrobial Efficacy of BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH)2 Colloidal Dispersions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BiSCaO | pH (Conc. of PP and TP) | 12.2 (0.05 %) | 12.2 (0.1 %) | 12.2 (0.15 %) | 12.2 (0.2 %) | 12.2 (0.25 %) | 12.2 (0.30 %) |
Flocculants (vol.%) | 10 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 | |
Appearance | Dispersion with flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | |
BiSCa (OH)2 | pH (Conc. Of PP and TP) | 12.23 (0.05 %) | 12.22 (0.1 %) | 12.21 (0.15 %) | 12.2 (0.2 %) | 12.2 (0.25 %) | 12.2 (0.30 %) |
Flocculants (vol.%) | 10 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 25 | |
Appearance | Dispersion with flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates |
BiSCaO | pH | 12.65 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 10.0 | 7.7 | 4.7 |
Flocculants (vol.%) | 7 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 0 | |
Appearance | Dispersion with flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Soluble | |
Zeta potential (mV) | +5.1 ± 1.9 | +14.7 ± 1.6 | +11.2 ± 1.8 | −1.4 ± 0.2 | −5.6 ± 0.8 | Not measured | |
BiSCa (OH)2 | pH | 12.23 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 5.6 |
Flocculants (vol.%) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 0 | |
Appearance | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Easy dispersible flocculants/ precipitates | Dissolution | |
Zeta potential (mV) | +16.2 ± 2.0 | +10.8 ± 1.9 | −2.1 ± 0.6 | −4.3 ± 0.5 | −4.5 ± 0.6 | Not measured |
BiSCaO | pH (Conc. of PP and TP) | 12.23 (0.05%) | 12.23 (0.1%) | 12.22 (0.15%) | 12.22 (0.2%) | 12.21 (0.25%) | 12.2 (0.30%) |
OD650 (PP) | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.44 ± 0.11 | |
OD650 (TP) | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.42 ± 0.10 | |
BiSCaO with 0.15 wt.% PP and TP | pH | 12.65 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 10.0 | 7.7 | 4.7 |
OD650 (PP) | 0.66 ± 0.22 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 0.65 ± 0.11 | 0.92 ± 0.21 | |
OD650 (TP) | 0.65 ± 0.18 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.60 ± 0.11 | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | |
BiSCa(OH)2 | pH (Conc. of PP and TP) | 12.2 (0.05%) | 12.23 (0.1%) | 12.22 (0.15%) | 12.22 (0.2%) | 12.21 (0.25%) | 12.2 (0.30%) |
OD650 (PP) | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 1.24 ± 0.21 | |
OD650 (TP) | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 1.29 ± 0.2 | |
BiSCa(OH)2 with 0.15 wt.% PP and TP | pH | 12.2 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 5.6 |
OD650 (PP) | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 0.79 ± 0.16 | 1.42 ± 0.33 | |
OD650 (TP) | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.47 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 0.88 ± 0.22 | 1.59 ± 0.38 |
BiSCaO | pH (Conc. of PP and TP) | 12.2 (0.05%) | 12.19 (0.1%) | 12.2 (0.15%) | 12.19 (0.2%) | 12.2 (0.25%) | 12.2 (0.30%) |
OD562 (PP) | 0.45 ± 0.12 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.74 ± 0.16 | |
OD562 (TP) | 0.52 ± 0.14 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.12 | 0.84 ± 0.20 | |
BiSCaO with 0.15 wt.% PP and TP | pH | 12.65 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 10.0 | 7.7 | 4.7 |
OD562 (PP) | 0.73 ± 0.21 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 0.96 ± 0.21 | |
OD562 (TP) | 0.75 ± 0.22 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | |
BiSCa(OH)2 | pH (Conc. of PP and TP) | 12.2 (0.05%) | 12.21 (0.1%) | 12.21 (0.15%) | 12.19 (0.2%) | 12.21 (0.25%) | 12.2 (0.30%) |
OD562 (PP) | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.64 ± 0.19 | 1.12 ± 0.21 | |
OD562 (TP) | 0.63 ± 0.16 | 0.48 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.16 | 0.73 ± 0.21 | 1.29 ± 0.31 | |
BiSCa(OH)2 with 0.15 wt.% PP and TP | pH | 12.21 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 4.6 |
OD562 (PP) | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 1.34 ± 0.36 | |
OD562 (TP) | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 0.64 ± 0.21 | 0.92 ± 0.22 | 1.43 ± 0.39 |
Chondroitin sulfate | BiSCaO (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.63 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 5.6 |
OD656 (PP) | 0.71 ± 0.25 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.32 ± 0.12 | 0.66 ± 0.19 | 0.89 ± 0.21 | 1.44 ± 0.31 | ||
BiSCa(OH)2 (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.2 | 11.4 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 7.5 | 5.5 | |
OD656 (PP) | 0.23 ± 0.07 | 0.44 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.12 | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 0.95 ± 0.27 | 1.42 ± 0.33 | ||
Heparin | BiSCaO (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.64 | 12.2 | 11.7 | 10.1 | 7.6 | 5.7 |
OD656 (PP) | 0.77 ± 0.22 | 0.42 ± 0.12 | 0.58 ± 0.14 | 0.91 ± 0.26 | 0.13 ± 0.31 | 1.52 ± 0.33 | ||
BiSCa(OH)2 (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.2 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 7.3 | 5.6 | |
OD656 (PP) | 0.56 ± 0.18 | 0.72 ± 0.25 | 1.14 ± 0.27 | 1.27 ± 0.31 | 1.45 ± 0.41 | 1.55 ± 0.36 | ||
NAC-HCPS | BiSCaO (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.65 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 7.8 | 5.7 |
OD656 (PP) | 0.65 ± 0.2 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.17 | 1.22 ± 0.32 | ||
BiSCa(OH)2 (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.2 | 11.6 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 7.3 | 5.3 | |
OD656 (PP) | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.12 | 0.57 ± 0.18 | 0.72 ± 0.24 | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 1.45 ± 0.32 | ||
LMWH/P NPs | BiSCaO (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.65 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 7.8 | 5.7 |
OD656 (PP) | 0.43 ± 0.1 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.0.4 | 0.46 ± 0.09 | 0.79 ± 0.24 | 1.28 ± 0.33 | ||
BiSCa(OH)2 (PP; 0.15 wt.%) | pH | 12.2 | 11.6 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 7.3 | 5.3 | |
OD656 (PP) | 0.23 ± 0.07 | 0.43 ± 0.14 | 0.82 ± 0.29 | 0.97 ± 0.28 | 1.29 ± 0.36 | 1.49 ± 0.33 |
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Sato, Y.; Ohata, H.; Inoue, A.; Ishihara, M.; Nakamura, S.; Fukuda, K.; Takayama, T.; Murakami, K.; Hiruma, S.; Yokoe, H. Application of Colloidal Dispersions of Bioshell Calcium Oxide (BiSCaO) for Disinfection. Polymers 2019, 11, 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121991
Sato Y, Ohata H, Inoue A, Ishihara M, Nakamura S, Fukuda K, Takayama T, Murakami K, Hiruma S, Yokoe H. Application of Colloidal Dispersions of Bioshell Calcium Oxide (BiSCaO) for Disinfection. Polymers. 2019; 11(12):1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121991
Chicago/Turabian StyleSato, Yoko, Heisuke Ohata, Akinori Inoue, Masayuki Ishihara, Shingo Nakamura, Koichi Fukuda, Tomohiro Takayama, Kaoru Murakami, Sumiyo Hiruma, and Hidetaka Yokoe. 2019. "Application of Colloidal Dispersions of Bioshell Calcium Oxide (BiSCaO) for Disinfection" Polymers 11, no. 12: 1991. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121991