The Use of Lignin as a Microbial Carrier in the Co-Digestion of Cheese and Wafer Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feedstock and Inoculum
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2.2. Carrier Preparation
2.2.3. Anaerobic Digester Setup
2.2.4. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Biogas
2.3. Analytical Techniques
2.3.1. Physicochemical Analysis
2.3.2. Microbial Analysis
2.3.3. Biochemical Analysis
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of Substrates
3.2. Carrier Characteristics
3.3. Batch Experiments
3.3.1. Digestion Process Monitoring
3.3.2. Bacterial Count and Enzymatic Activity
3.3.3. Process Performance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Waste | pH | TS | VS | C/N Ratio | C | N | N–NH4 | P | Light Metal Ions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Na | Mg | Ca | |||||||||
̶ | (wt %) | (wt %TS) | ̶ | (wt %TS) | (wt %TS) | (wt %TS) | (mg kg−1) | (mg kg−1) | ||||
CE | 4.67 | 24.89 | 95.75 | 3.48 | 52.19 | 15.01 | 0.44 | 1,452 | 351 | 433 | 84 | 849 |
WF | 6.80 | 82.24 | 98.37 | 46.21 | 41.59 | 0.90 | 0.29 | 152 | 37 | 154 | 49 | 154 |
Inoc. | 7.19 | 2.15 | 58.33 | 3.33 | 27.68 | 8.32 | 3.86 | 2560 | 3236 | 6300 | 33 | 52 |
Batch | CE (g) | WF (g) | Lignin+PVP (g) | Inoculum (g) | pH | TS (%) | VS (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WF | ̶ | 14.0 | ̶ | 1186.0 | 7.24 | 4.24 | 70.15 |
WF/lignin | ̶ | 14.0 | 23.5 | 1186.0 | 7.16 | 4.07 | 67.34 |
CE | 30.7 | ̶ | ̶ | 1169.9 | 7.38 | 2.73 | 59.29 |
CE/lignin | 30.7 | ̶ | 23.5 | 1170.3 | 7.04 | 2.76 | 60.47 |
WF+CE | 4.1 | 7.8 | ̶ | 1189.0 | 7.02 | 2.74 | 58.72 |
WF+CE/lignin | 4.1 | 7.8 | 23.5 | 1169.9 | 6.78 | 2.75 | 58.84 |
inoculum | ̶ | ̶ | ̶ | 1200.0 | 7.22 | 3.17 | 69.82 |
inoculum/lignin | ̶ | ̶ | 23.5 | 1200.0 | 7.13 | 4.85 | 71.01 |
Parameters | WF | WF/Lignin | CE | CE/Lignin | WF+CE | WF+CE/Lignin | Inoculum | Inoculum/Lignin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria Number | ||||||||
N–NH4+ | −0.19 | 0.21 | −0.13 | 0.81 * | 0.67 | 0.31 | 0.81 * | 0.80 * |
TKN | −0.19 | 0.24 | −0.23 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.47 | 0.41 | −0.14 |
pH | −0.46 | −0.69 | −0.44 | 0.98 * | −0.42 | 0.74 | −0.88 * | −0.92 * |
DHA | −0.70 | −0.93 * | −0.73 | −0.03 | −0.33 | −0.28 | −0.85 * | −0.70 |
DHA | ||||||||
N–NH4+ | 0.75 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.56 | 0.08 | −0.23 | −0.49 | −0.57 |
TKN | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.44 | −0.56 | −0.04 | −0.26 | −0.46 | −0.08 |
pH | 0.86 * | 0.67 | 0.24 | −0.22 | 0.79 | 0.13 | 0.54 | 0.86 * |
Batch | Biogas | Methane | CH4 (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m3 Mg−1 FM) | (m3 Mg−1 VS) | (m3 Mg−1 FM) | (m3 Mg−1 VS) | ||
WF | 866.33 | 897.22 | 479.16 | 496.39 | 55.31 |
WF/lignin | 966.28 | 1201.45 | 551.34 | 685.53 | 57.06 |
CE | 210.04 | 881.26 | 132.61 | 556.42 | 63.14 |
CE/lignin | 235.87 | 989.65 | 151.43 | 635.36 | 64.20 |
WF+CE | 674.48 | 1102.00 | 349.83 | 571.57 | 51.87 |
WF+CE/lignin | 769.58 | 1257.38 | 402.18 | 657.68 | 52.26 |
inoculum | 1.51 | 120.07 | 0.94 | 74.90 | 62.38 |
inoculum/lignin | 1.29 | 170.43 | 2.14 | 103.10 | 60.49 |
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Pilarska, A.A.; Wolna-Maruwka, A.; Pilarski, K.; Janczak, D.; Przybył, K.; Gawrysiak-Witulska, M. The Use of Lignin as a Microbial Carrier in the Co-Digestion of Cheese and Wafer Waste. Polymers 2019, 11, 2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122073
Pilarska AA, Wolna-Maruwka A, Pilarski K, Janczak D, Przybył K, Gawrysiak-Witulska M. The Use of Lignin as a Microbial Carrier in the Co-Digestion of Cheese and Wafer Waste. Polymers. 2019; 11(12):2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122073
Chicago/Turabian StylePilarska, Agnieszka A., Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka, Krzysztof Pilarski, Damian Janczak, Krzysztof Przybył, and Marzena Gawrysiak-Witulska. 2019. "The Use of Lignin as a Microbial Carrier in the Co-Digestion of Cheese and Wafer Waste" Polymers 11, no. 12: 2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122073