Laboratory Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Performance Improver for Bituminous Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Sample Preparation
2.1.1. Materials
2.1.2. Sample Preparation
2.2. Testing Program
2.2.1. Penetration and Softening Point
2.2.2. Rotational Viscosity
2.2.3. Performance grade (PG) in Superpave Specification
2.2.4. Other Viscoelastic Properties
2.2.5. Molecular Weight Distribution
2.2.6. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.2.7. Marshall Stability and Flow Value
2.2.8. Moisture Susceptibility
2.2.9. Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rheological Tests
3.1.1. Empirical Parameters
3.1.2. Workability
3.1.3. Rutting Resistance
3.1.4. Fatigue Resistance
3.1.5. Low Temperature Performance
3.1.6. Overall Rheological Behavior
3.2. Chemical Tests
3.2.1. Molecular Weight Distribution
3.2.2. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.3. Mixture Test
3.3.1. Marshall Stability and Flow Value
3.3.2. Indirect Tensile Strength and Moisture Susceptibility
3.3.3. Stiffness Modulus and Aging Resistance
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Interaction between lignocellulosic biomass and bituminous binder can be observed.
- (2)
- Lignocellulosic biomass has a slightly negative effect on the workability of bitumen. But lignocellulosic biomass modified binders still meet the viscosity requirements in Superpave specification at 135 °C.
- (3)
- The incorporation of lignocellulosic biomass helps improve the overall service performance of bituminous binder in high, intermediate and low temperatures.
- (4)
- Bituminous mixtures with lignocellulosic biomass modifier binder have superior resistance to rutting and moisture damage. The effect of lignocellulosic biomass on aging resistance is not significant.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Items | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Diameter | mm | Less than 6 |
Ash Content (by weight) | % | 13–23 |
Heat Resistance | °C | 280 (short time) |
Ph Value | - | 6.0–8.0 |
Oil Absorption Rate | % | More than 500 |
Water Content Rate (by Weight) | % | Less than 5 |
BS Sieve Size | Design Data (%) | Passing Requirement (%) |
---|---|---|
14 mm | 100 | 100 |
10 mm | 96 | 92–100 |
5 mm | 35 | 28–42 |
2.36 mm | 26 | 19–33 |
75 μm | 9.8 | 7.8–11.8 (including 2% hydrated lime) |
Binder Types | Jnr | % Recovery | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 kPa (kPa−1) | 3.2 kPa (kPa−1) | Jnr% Diff | 0.1 kPa (kPa−1) | 3.2 kPa (kPa−1) | |
Pen60/70 | 4.5135 | 5.0070 | 10.95 | 0.70 | -0.45 |
GLA | 1.7085 | 2.2785 | 34.50 | 9.65 | 1.80 |
FLA | 0.5375 | 1.2340 | 129.50 | 30.50 | 10.70 |
Binder Types | −6 °C | −12 °C | −18 °C | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stiffness (MPa) | m-value (× 10−2) | Stiffness (MPa) | m-value (× 10−2) | Stiffness (MPa) | m-value (× 10−2) | |
Pen60/70 | 175 | 32.7 | 280 | 28.0 | 541 | 19.9 |
GLA | 83 | 37.5 | 153 | 31.0 | 306 | 26.5 |
FLA | 76 | 40.2 | 126 | 32.8 | 283 | 29.2 |
Parameters | Pen60/70 | GLFMA | FLFMA | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sigmoidal Function | δ (Pa) | −0.55919 | 10.20935 | 20.22812 |
Α (Pa) | 8.71694 | 43,589.56262 | 58,492.23025 | |
B (-) | 0.25486 | 0.31567 | 0.80050 | |
γ (-) | −0.45159 | −0.15908 | −0.15820 | |
R2@|G*| | 0.99942 | 0.99696 | 0.99743 | |
WLF Formula | C1 (-) | −8.82557 | −17.75624 | −17.37443 |
C2 (-) | 138.09993 | 2.36250 | 2.07013 |
Sample ID | Mp (g/mol) | Mn (g/mol) | Mw (g/mol) | Mz (g/mol) | Đ (-) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pen60/70 | 917 ± 9 | 682 ± 27 | 2371 ± 575 | 9105 ± 3476 | 3.4619 ± 0.7065 |
GLA | 672 ± 175 | 606 ± 17 | 1917 ± 81 | 6049 ± 507 | 3.1619 ± 0.0456 |
FLA | 674 ± 162 | 565 ± 1 | 1864 ± 30 | 6040 ± 107 | 3.3020 ± 0.0485 |
Binder Types | Strength (kPa) | Flow Values (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soak (30 min) | Soak (48 h) | RS (%) | Soak (30 min) | Soak (48 h) | |
Pen60/70 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 89.5 | 4.26 ± 0.9 | 3.14 ± 0.2 |
GLA | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 94.1 | 2.90 ± 0.7 | 3.70 ± 0.1 |
FLA | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | 95.8 | 2.62 ± 0.3 | 2.70 ± 0.6 |
Binder Types | Dry Samples (kPa) | Freeze Samples (kPa) | ITSR (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Pen60/70 | 366 ± 8.4 | 332 ± 3.6 | 88.5 |
GLA | 420 ± 19.9 | 395 ± 8.4 | 93.9 |
FLA | 402 ± 24.5 | 382 ± 5.6 | 94.9 |
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Wang, D.; Cai, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Xu, X.; Yu, H. Laboratory Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Performance Improver for Bituminous Materials. Polymers 2019, 11, 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081253
Wang D, Cai Z, Zhang Z, Xu X, Yu H. Laboratory Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Performance Improver for Bituminous Materials. Polymers. 2019; 11(8):1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081253
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Duanyi, Zhiwei Cai, Zeyu Zhang, Xinquan Xu, and Huayang Yu. 2019. "Laboratory Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Performance Improver for Bituminous Materials" Polymers 11, no. 8: 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081253