Influence of Silica Specific Surface Area on the Viscoelastic and Fatigue Behaviors of Silica-Filled SBR Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials, Mixing and Curing
2.2. Tensile Testing
2.3. Critical Tearing Energy
2.4. Hysteresis and Volume Strain
2.5. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
2.6. Fatigue Testing and End of Life Criteria
2.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.8. Micro-Computed X-ray Tomography
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Initial Morphology Characterization
3.2. Crack Precursor Measurement Based on Tearing Energy
3.3. Viscoelastic Properties and Hysteresis
3.4. Fatigue Life
3.5. Mechanisms of Crack Initiation
3.6. Volume of Cracks Based on µCT and DIC
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound 1 | Compound 2 | Compound 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N2 Silica specific surface area, BET (m2/g) | 125 | 165 | 200 | |
SBR SE SLR 4602 * | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Antioxidant | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
Oil Vivatec 500 | 25 | 25 | 25 | |
Activator Stearic Acid | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
Silica Hi-Sil 315 ** | 90 | - | - | |
Ingredients (phr) | Silica Zeosil 1165 MP *** | - | 90 | - |
Silica Zeosil Premium 200 MP *** | - | - | 90 | |
Silane Si266 | 6 | 7.2 | 9 | |
ZnO | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | |
Sulfur | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | |
Accelerator | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.88 | |
Accelerator | 2.5 | 3.2 | 4 | |
Total phr | 234.7 | 237.1 | 240.28 |
Acquisition Parameter | Hourglass Sample | Cuboid Sample |
---|---|---|
SOD (mm) | 35 | 7.75 |
SDD (mm) | 497 | 329 |
Voxel size (µm) | 9 | 3 |
X-ray source voltage (kV) | 45 | 40 |
X-ray source current (µA) | 165 | 160 |
Frame rate (frame/s) | 1 | 0.75 |
Number of averaged frames | 5 | 3 |
Angular range (°) | 360 | 360 |
Angular step (°) | 0.25 | 0.25 |
C1 | C2 | C3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Median equivalent diameter (µm) | 12.42 | 12.05 | 12.10 |
Volume fraction (%) | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.27 |
Density of agglomerates per mm3 | 307 | 746 | 896 |
Stress at Break (MPa) | Strain at Break (%) | Tear Strength (N/mm) | Crack Precursor Size (µm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 18.2 ± 0.1 | 277.0 ± 5.7 | 30.0 ± 0.5 | 365.0 ± 0.7 |
C2 | 15.6 ± 0.4 | 273.0 ± 2.1 | 35.3 ± 0.2 | 501.0 ± 16.9 |
C3 | 19.0 ± 0.2 | 254.0 ± 0.7 | 29.9 ± 0.7 | 370.0 ± 4.9 |
E’(0.1) | E’(10) | ∆E’ [E’(0.1)–E’(10)] | |
---|---|---|---|
C1 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 3.7 |
C2 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 5.2 |
C3 | 15.3 | 8.0 | 7.3 |
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Padmanathan, H.R.; Federico, C.E.; Addiego, F.; Rommel, R.; Kotecký, O.; Westermann, S.; Fleming, Y. Influence of Silica Specific Surface Area on the Viscoelastic and Fatigue Behaviors of Silica-Filled SBR Composites. Polymers 2021, 13, 3094. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183094
Padmanathan HR, Federico CE, Addiego F, Rommel R, Kotecký O, Westermann S, Fleming Y. Influence of Silica Specific Surface Area on the Viscoelastic and Fatigue Behaviors of Silica-Filled SBR Composites. Polymers. 2021; 13(18):3094. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183094
Chicago/Turabian StylePadmanathan, Hiron Raja, Carlos Eloy Federico, Frédéric Addiego, Robert Rommel, Ondřej Kotecký, Stephan Westermann, and Yves Fleming. 2021. "Influence of Silica Specific Surface Area on the Viscoelastic and Fatigue Behaviors of Silica-Filled SBR Composites" Polymers 13, no. 18: 3094. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183094
APA StylePadmanathan, H. R., Federico, C. E., Addiego, F., Rommel, R., Kotecký, O., Westermann, S., & Fleming, Y. (2021). Influence of Silica Specific Surface Area on the Viscoelastic and Fatigue Behaviors of Silica-Filled SBR Composites. Polymers, 13(18), 3094. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183094