Recent Advances on Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronics Packaging
2. Formulation of Thermally Conductive Adhesive and Heat Transfer Mechanism
3. Adhesives with Improved Conductivity
3.1. Ceramic-Based Fillers
3.1.1. Boron Nitride
3.1.2. Alumina
3.1.3. Aluminum Nitride
3.1.4. Silicon Carbide
3.2. Metallic Fillers
3.3. Carbon-Based Fillers
3.3.1. Carbon Nanotubes
3.3.2. Carbon Fiber
3.3.3. Graphene
4. Economic Perspective of TCA
5. Challenges and Research Potential
- (1)
- The improvement of nanomaterial preparation techniques and process parameters can contribute to the development of an efficient three-dimensional thermal conductive network in matrix.
- (2)
- Surface modification seems to be an effective method of reducing the thermal resistance at the interface; however, it leads to reduction in the low-dimensional materials’ intrinsic thermal conductivity.
- (3)
- Metallic and carbon based (graphene and carbon nanotubes) fillers have high thermal conductivity but possess high electron mobility. The ceramic fillers (BN, AlN, SiC, and Al2O3) are highly thermally conductive but electrically insulated. Therefore, the hybridization of the filler can be a new research direction.
- (4)
- The wonder material graphene oxide (GO) appears to be a potential choice because of its solution processability and controllable deposition on the substrate. GO has been used on various substrates, but there is still room for development in terms of adhesion and heat transmission.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | TC (Wm−1 K−1) | Material | TC (Wm−1 K−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Aluminum oxide | 20–30 | Graphite | 100–400 (on plane) |
Molybdenum | 142 | Silver | 450 |
Tungsten | 155 | Copper | 401 |
Nickel | 158 | Silicon carbide (SiC) | 490 |
Aluminum | 204 | Diamond | 2000 |
Beryllium oxide | 260 | Boron nitride | ~2000 (in-plane); ~380 (out-of-plane) |
Carbon fiber | 260 | Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) | ~3000 |
Aluminum nitride (AlN) | 200–320 | Graphene | ~5300 |
Gold | 345 | Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) | ~6000 |
Filler | Conditions/Process | TC (Wm−1 K−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|
BN | Platelet-shaped Boron Nitride(BN) particles | 3.5 | [73] |
BN | At 70 wt% functionalized and mix with epoxy resin | 2.8 | [50] |
BN | Admicellar-treated BN particles. | 2.7 | [74] |
BN | 30 wt% of BN particles modified by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane | 1.178 | [75] |
BN | Hexagonal BN/epoxy composites at 44 vol% (densely packed and vertically aligned). | 9 | [76] |
BN | Hexagonal, cubic, and conglomerated -BN. | 2.91, 3.95, and 10.1 | [77] |
BN | Hexagonal boron nitride laminates | 20 | [78] |
BN | Untreated and OTAB-treated BN/epoxy composites. | 1.9 and 3.4 | [79] |
BN | 88 wt% of BN loading. | 32.5 | [80] |
AlN | 58.4 vol% of large-sized Aluminum nitride (AlN) with small-sized Al2O3 | 2.842 and 3.4 | [81] |
AlN | 29 wt% of MWCNTs/AlN | 1.04 | [82] |
AlN | 20 vol% AlN particles (magnetically aligned) | 1.8 | [83] |
AlN | 50 wt% of 5 μm-AlN particles and 6 wt% of GO | 2.77 | [65] |
AlN | 67 vol% of AlN particles (large-sized silane-coated). | 14 | [84] |
AlN | Cycloaliphatic epoxy/trimethacrylate system | 0.47 | [85] |
AlN | At 47 vol% nano-whiskers AlN | 4.2 | [86] |
Al2O3 | At 80 wt% of Alumina (Al2O3)/epoxy, filled with 5 wt% of graphene oxide (GO) and 5 wt% of Al(OH)3-coated GO | 3.5 and 3.1 | [87] |
Al2O3 | Al2O3/GFRP (amino group grafted) | 1.07 | [17] |
Al2O3 | At 60 vol% of micron-sized alumina | 4.3 | [88] |
SiC | Magnetically aligned BN and Silicon Carbide (SiC) filler system | 5.77 | [70] |
SiC | Nano-sized SiC particles with triethylenetetramine (TETA) functionalized MWCNTs, (at 30% vol%) | 2.00 | [89] |
SiC | At 20 vol% of SiC particles (magnetically aligned Fe3O4 coated) | 1.681 | [90] |
Filler | Conditions/Process | TC (Wm−1 K−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|
CNT | 1–5 vol% BTC-MWCNTs | 0.96 | [134] |
CNT | At 14.8 vol% of CNT (axial and transverse direction) | 1.85 and 2.41 | [135] |
CNT | At 1 wt% of double walled CNT and 0.01 wt% of graphene. | ∼12 | [35] |
CNT | 3D CNT reinforced exfoliated graphite block | ∼38 | [136] |
Carbon fiber | At 56 vol% of carbon fiber | 291 | [137] |
Carbon fiber | carbon fiber/epoxy composites | 1.329 | [138] |
Carbon fiber | vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF)/epoxy | ∼695 | [137] |
Graphene | Aligned MLG/epoxy composite system | 33.54 | [139] |
Graphene | at 6 vol% with epoxy | 2.13 | [140] |
Graphene | GNPs reinforced polymer composites. | 12.4 | [141] |
Graphene | At 20 wt% of GNP with different particle size | 1.8 and 7.3 | [142] |
Graphene | Layer-by-layer assembly of (GO) on a flexible NFC substrate. | 12.6 | [143] |
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Alim, M.A.; Abdullah, M.Z.; Aziz, M.S.A.; Kamarudin, R.; Gunnasegaran, P. Recent Advances on Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging: A Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193337
Alim MA, Abdullah MZ, Aziz MSA, Kamarudin R, Gunnasegaran P. Recent Advances on Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging: A Review. Polymers. 2021; 13(19):3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193337
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlim, Md. Abdul, Mohd Zulkifly Abdullah, Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz, R. Kamarudin, and Prem Gunnasegaran. 2021. "Recent Advances on Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging: A Review" Polymers 13, no. 19: 3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193337