Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Organic Molecules
2.3. Graft Synthesis of GO Whit Starch, Fructose, and Micro-Cellulose
2.4. Characterization
3. Results
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Functional Group | Position (eV)/Concentration (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GrO | rGO S | rGO F | rGO M | |||||
eV | % | eV | % | eV | % | eV | % | |
C–C and C=C | 284.7 | 46.8 | 284.5 | 14.3 | 284.8 | 16.0 | 284.7 | 4.5 |
C–O | 286.3 | 10.2 | - | - | - | - | ||
C–O–C | 286.9 | 33.5 | 286.3 | 24.7 | 286.5 | 26.4 | 286.1 | 20.7 |
C=O | 288.2 | 7.4 | 287.9 | 38.7 | 287.9 | 38.6 | 287.4 | 44.5 |
O=C–OH | 289.4 | 2.1 | 288.8 | 16.9 | 289.3 | 10.4 | 288.6 | 22.4 |
O=C–O | - | 290.1 | 5.3 | 290.7 | 8.5 | 289.8 | 7.8 | |
Relation % (C–C/C=O) | 6.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
Weight Loss | rGO S | |||
Temperature (°C) | Assignation | Weight% | Maximum Peak (°C) | |
1 | 40 a 150 | Water | 9.72 | ---- |
2 | 150–242 | RGrO (OH, C–O–C) | 9.23 | 218.1 |
3 | 242–450 | SD | 47.54 | 301.8 |
Hybridization% | 47.54 | |||
% rGO | 33.51 | |||
Weight Loss | rGO F | |||
Temperature (°C) | Assignation | Weight% | Maximum Peak (°C) | |
1 | 40–145 | Water | 11.34 | 129.1 |
2 | 145–283 | Fructose degradation | 38.2 | 204.2 |
3 | 283–422 | 2.88 | 339.1 | |
Hybridization% | 41.08 | |||
% rGO | 47.58 | |||
Weight Loss | rGO M | |||
Temperature (°C) | Assignation | Weight% | Maximum Peak (°C) | |
1 | 120–267 | TDH | 13.36 | 230.1, 255.5 |
2 | 267–600 | DC + DL | 50.63 | 324.4, 446.8 |
Hybridization% | 63.99 | |||
% rGO | 36.01 |
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Cruz-Benítez, M.M.; Gónzalez-Morones, P.; Hernández-Hernández, E.; Villagómez-Ibarra, J.R.; Castro-Rosas, J.; Rangel-Vargas, E.; Fonseca-Florido, H.A.; Gómez-Aldapa, C.A. Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry. Polymers 2021, 13, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490
Cruz-Benítez MM, Gónzalez-Morones P, Hernández-Hernández E, Villagómez-Ibarra JR, Castro-Rosas J, Rangel-Vargas E, Fonseca-Florido HA, Gómez-Aldapa CA. Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry. Polymers. 2021; 13(4):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490
Chicago/Turabian StyleCruz-Benítez, María Montserrat, Pablo Gónzalez-Morones, Ernesto Hernández-Hernández, José Roberto Villagómez-Ibarra, Javier Castro-Rosas, Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas, Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido, and Carlos Alberto Gómez-Aldapa. 2021. "Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry" Polymers 13, no. 4: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040490