An Innovative Auxetic Honeycomb Sandwich Tube: Fabrication and Mechanical Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design and Fabrication
2.1. Design of the Honeycomb Core
2.2. Verification of the Honeycomb Angle Variation
2.3. Material Property
2.4. Fabrication
3. Experiments and Analyses
3.1. Experimental Schemes
3.2. Axial Compression Performances
3.2.1. Macro-Failure Modes and Crushing Histories
3.2.2. Failure Mechanisms
3.2.3. Crashworthiness Indicators
4. Conclusions
- The relationship between the Poisson’s ratio and cell topology is studied, and Poisson’s ratios for a series of in-plane cells are defined. The Poisson’s ratio of hexagonal honeycombs is directly affected by the cell topology, and can usually be divided into reentrant, square, and convex honeycombs. Through the topological transformation, the Poisson’s ratio of the cells also changes from negative to positive (i.e., convex cells with positive Poisson’s ratio, zero Poisson’s ratio, negative Poisson’s ratio, and reentrant cells).
- Through the geometry analysis of the auxetic honeycomb core, the function of the honeycomb reentrant angle along the out-of-plane direction can be obtained. When the honeycomb geometry is constant, the AHST has a minimum curl radius (the inverse of the curvature). As the Poisson’s ratio is related to the reentrant angle of the honeycomb, a honeycomb core with a specific Poisson rate can be obtained by changing the geometry of the honeycomb core.
- According to the force–displacement curve and the crushing histories, four macroscopic failure modes are proposed. Failure Mode I and II appear when the aspect ratio R is relatively small (the value of R is 1 to 2), and the failure process is progressively stably crushing or unstable local buckling. However, the unstable failure of Mode III and IV occurs when the slenderness is relatively large (R greater than 3) and shearing and collapsing of the structure are found.
- By comparing the crashworthiness indicators with those of the CFRP thin-walled tubes and AHSTs, it was found that the honeycomb core can improve the SEA and CFE of the thin-walled tube, with the improvement in CFE both exceeding 100%. There is also a large improvement in peak force (with the same diameter, the PF from 3.1 kN to 4.1 kN and 3.7 kN to 6.6 kN), which is the result of the complex failure mechanism (ring mode and Z mode mix mode) of the core and skin in the sandwich tube; this can have more damage mechanisms to absorb energy.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Material Property | Value |
---|---|---|
Epoxy resin | Tension modulus (GPa) | 2.69 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | 57 | |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.3 | |
Density (g/cm3) | 0.93 | |
Kevlar honeycomb | Even compression strength (MPa) | 2.21 |
Longitudinal Shear strength (MPa) | 1.28 | |
Longitudinal Shear modulus (MPa) | 117 | |
Transverse Shear strength (MPa) | 0.78 | |
Transverse Shear modulus (MPa) | 35 | |
Density (g/cm3) | 0.048 |
H (mm) | b (mm) | D (mm) | d (mm) | W (g) | R | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60D60-CHC | 60 | 10 | 60 | 40 | 0.5 | 22.5 | 1 |
60D60-CH | 60 | 10 | 60 | 40 | 0.5 | 15.8 | 1 |
120D60-CH | 120 | 10 | 60 | 40 | 0.5 | 45.0 | 2 |
120D60-CHC | 120 | 10 | 60 | 40 | 0.5 | 34.0 | 2 |
60D40-CH | 60 | 10 | 40 | 20 | 0.5 | 11.0 | 1.5 |
120D40-CH | 120 | 10 | 40 | 20 | 0.5 | 20.0 | 3 |
PF (kN) | SEA (J/g) | EA (J) | MCF (kN) | CFE (%) | Failure Mode | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60D60-CHC | 9.4 | 10.6 | 238.56 | 4.97 | 53 | Mode I |
60D60-CH | 6.6 | 8.7 | 136.74 | 2.85 | 43 | Mode I + Mode II |
120D60-CHC | 6.5 | 7.8 | 348.84 | 3.63 | 56 | Mode I + Mode II |
120D60-CH | 4.8 | 4.6 | 158.04 | 1.65 | 34 | Mode II |
60D40-CH | 4.1 | 9 | 99.11 | 2.06 | 50 | Mode III + Mode I |
120D40-CH | 1.3 | 4.1 | 81.29 | 0.85 | 67 | Mode IV |
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Wu, J.; Zhou, J.; Kong, X.; Xu, Y.; Chen, Y.; Zhu, J.; Jin, F.; Wang, P. An Innovative Auxetic Honeycomb Sandwich Tube: Fabrication and Mechanical Properties. Polymers 2022, 14, 4369. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204369
Wu J, Zhou J, Kong X, Xu Y, Chen Y, Zhu J, Jin F, Wang P. An Innovative Auxetic Honeycomb Sandwich Tube: Fabrication and Mechanical Properties. Polymers. 2022; 14(20):4369. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204369
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jianqin, Jiannan Zhou, Xinli Kong, Ying Xu, Yishun Chen, Juyan Zhu, Fengnian Jin, and Peng Wang. 2022. "An Innovative Auxetic Honeycomb Sandwich Tube: Fabrication and Mechanical Properties" Polymers 14, no. 20: 4369. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204369