Development and Mechanical Characterization of Short Curauá Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites Made via Fused Deposition Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Filament and 3D Part Specimens’ Fabrication
2.3. Test Methods
Tensile and Flexural Tests
2.4. Thermal Analysis
2.4.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.4.2. Differential Exploratory Calorimetry (DSC)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Curauá Fibre Weight Fraction
3.2. Effect of Curauá Fiber Length
3.3. Flexural Tests
3.4. Fracture Analysis
4. Thermal Properties
4.1. TGA Analysis
4.2. DSC Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The fiber weight fraction dominated the tensile properties of the 3D printed parts, with lower content (2 wt.%) presenting a significant improvement in tensile properties. Fiber length also affected the tensile properties; however, a downward trend was seen with the increase in length, with the C-3 mm-2% (56.45 MPa and 3 GPa) group presenting the best results.
- For flexural properties, the best condition was the C-3 mm-5% case, with values of 83.71 MPa and 3.42 Gpa for flexural strength and modulus, respectively. Unlike the tensile properties, the addition of the fibers did not provide an increase in flexural strength, with the best case presenting a reduction of 12% when compared to the Neat-PLA. However, the reinforcements did have a positive impact on the flexural modulus (the C-3 mm-5% specimens presented an increase of approximately 17% over the Neat-PLA).
- The incorporation of natural fiber presented, in some cases, changes in the composite’s thermal stability. The C-3 mm-3.5% specimens presented the best condition with values of 334 °C for Tonset and 67.5 °C for Tg.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Density (g/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA 4032D [30] | 51.00 ± 5.00 | 3.08 ± 0.30 | 5.76 ± 0.50 | 1.24 |
Curauá [31] | 1929.80 ± 249.50 | 87.23 ± 15.40 | 3.94 ± 0.60 | 1.33 |
Specimen Type | Fibre Length (mm) | Weight Concentration (wt.%) |
---|---|---|
Neat-PLA | - | - |
C-3 mm-2% | 3.02 ± 0.97 | 2 |
C-3 mm-3.5% | 3.5 | |
C-3 mm-5% | 5 | |
C-6 mm-2% | 6.53 ± 0.99 | 2 |
C-6 mm-3.5% | 3.5 | |
C-6 mm-5% | 5 | |
C-8 mm-2% | 7.97 ± 0.92 | 2 |
C-8 mm-3.5% | 3.5 | |
C-8 mm-5% | 5 |
Printing Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Nozzle diameter (mm) | 0.40 |
Layer height (mm) | 0.20 |
Raster width (mm) | 0.8 |
Raster angle | 0° |
Infill % | 100 |
Extruder temperature (°C) | 220 |
Printing bed temperature (°C) | 50 |
Printing speed (mm/s) | 30 |
Number of contours | 1 |
Flow (%) | 108 |
Part | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Strain (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Neat-PLA | 46.42 ± 1.62 | 2.56 ± 0.21 | 1.94 ± 0.15 |
C-3 mm-2% | 56.45 ± 3.34 | 3.00 ± 0.13 | 2.72 ± 0.31 |
C-3 mm-3.5% | 51.58 ± 1.9 | 3.13 ± 0.08 | 2.32 ± 0.38 |
C-3 mm-5% | 39.15 ± 5.55 | 2.25 ± 0.12 | 1.81 ± 0.68 |
C-6 mm-2% | 57.56 ± 0.67 | 2.4 ± 0.18 | 2.59 ± 0.18 |
C-6 mm-3.5% | 45.98 ± 1.95 | 2.63 ± 0.2 | 2.51 ± 0.11 |
C-6 mm-5% | 43.29 ± 0.56 | 2.91 ± 0.02 | 2.21 ± 0.1 |
C-8 mm-2% | 54.25 ± 5.22 | 2.86 ± 0.09 | 2.34 ± 0.27 |
C-8 mm-3.5% | 43.91 ± 3.02 | 2.16 ± 0.24 | 3.01 ± 0.46 |
C-8 mm-5% | 44.76 ± 3.96 | 2.43 ± 0.32 | 2.62 ± 0.23 |
Specimen Type | Onset Temperature (°C) | Maximum Temperature (°C) | Residual Mass (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Neat-PLA | 330 | 357.5 | 1 |
C-3 mm-2% | 330.0 | 355.0 | 1.4 |
C-3 mm-3.5% | 334.0 | 354.5 | 0.7 |
C-3 mm-5% | 327.8 | 349.0 | 0.2 |
C-6 mm-2% | 329.6 | 355.0 | 1.4 |
C-6 mm-3.5% | 326.3 | 350.0 | 0.4 |
C-6 mm-5% | 328.0 | 351.5 | 1.6 |
Specimen Type | Glass Transition Temperatures (Tg) | Crystallization Temperatures (Tc) | Melting Temperature (Tm) |
---|---|---|---|
Neat-PLA | 64.0 | 108.1 | 175.5 |
C-3 mm-2% | 65.1 | 104.1 | 175.0 |
C-3 mm-3.5% | 67.5 | 106.4 | 174.7 |
C-3 mm-5% | 64.3 | 100.9 | 174.2 |
C-6 mm-2% | 66.1 | 103.4 | 174.3 |
C-6 mm-3.5% | 64.0 | 106.3 | 173.5 |
C-6 mm-5% | 64.4 | 106.5 | 174.2 |
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Cavalcanti, D.K.K.; Neto, J.S.S.; Queiroz, H.F.M.d.; Wu, Y.; Neto, V.F.S.; Banea, M.D. Development and Mechanical Characterization of Short Curauá Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites Made via Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers 2022, 14, 5047. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225047
Cavalcanti DKK, Neto JSS, Queiroz HFMd, Wu Y, Neto VFS, Banea MD. Development and Mechanical Characterization of Short Curauá Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites Made via Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers. 2022; 14(22):5047. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225047
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavalcanti, Daniel K. K., Jorge S. S. Neto, Henrique F. M. de Queiroz, Yiyun. Wu, Victor F. S. Neto, and Mariana D. Banea. 2022. "Development and Mechanical Characterization of Short Curauá Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites Made via Fused Deposition Modeling" Polymers 14, no. 22: 5047. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14225047