Green and Sustainable Hot Melt Adhesive (HMA) Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and Silanized Cellulose Nanofibers (SCNFs)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Hydrophobization of CNFs through Surface Modification
2.3. Characterizations of Modified CNFs
2.4. Preparation of PHA–CNFs Composites
2.5. Characterizations of PHA–CNFs Composites
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterizations of Modified CNFs
3.2. Characterizations of PHA–CNFs Composites
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mechanical Properties | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile strength (MPa) | Regression | 0.15 | 3 | 0.05 | 7.72 | 0.01 |
Residual | 0.05 | 8 | 0.01 | |||
Total | 0.20 | 11 | ||||
Elongation at break (%) | Regression | 128,997.00 | 3 | 42,999.00 | 9.09 | 0.01 |
Residual | 37,838.00 | 8 | 4730.00 | |||
Total | 166,835.00 | 11 |
Sample Name | Tg ( °C) | Tm ( °C) | Hm (J/g) | Tc ( °C) | Hc (J/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHA | −23 | 161 | 0.31 | - | - |
TMCNFs 2% | −24 | 159 | 0.43 | 75 | 1.44 |
TMCNFs 5% | −22 | 160 | 0.58 | 81 | 1.67 |
TMCNFs 10% | −23 | 160 | 0.69 | 79 | 2.15 |
Mechanical Properties | Group | N | Mean | Standard Deviation | t-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Failure load (kN) | PHA | 3 | 409 | 41 | 1.48 | 0.213 |
PHA–TMCNFs 10% | 3 | 340 | 69 |
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Jo, J.; Jeong, S.-Y.; Lee, J.; Park, C.; Koo, B. Green and Sustainable Hot Melt Adhesive (HMA) Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and Silanized Cellulose Nanofibers (SCNFs). Polymers 2022, 14, 5284. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235284
Jo J, Jeong S-Y, Lee J, Park C, Koo B. Green and Sustainable Hot Melt Adhesive (HMA) Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and Silanized Cellulose Nanofibers (SCNFs). Polymers. 2022; 14(23):5284. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235284
Chicago/Turabian StyleJo, Jaemin, So-Yeon Jeong, Junhyeok Lee, Chulhwan Park, and Bonwook Koo. 2022. "Green and Sustainable Hot Melt Adhesive (HMA) Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and Silanized Cellulose Nanofibers (SCNFs)" Polymers 14, no. 23: 5284. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235284