Production of Cellulose Nano-Fibers and Its Application in Poly-Lactic-Acid: Property Improvement by New Types of Coupling Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Nanocellulose Production
2.3. Manufacturing of Nano-Cellulose/PLA Composites
2.4. The Structure of NC/PLA Composites by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Structure of NC/PLA Composites
3.1.1. FTIR Analysis
3.1.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.1.3. DSC Analysis
3.1.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.2.1. Tensile Properties
3.2.2. Flexural Properties
3.2.3. Charpy Impact Strength
3.2.4. The Dynamic Mechanical Testing
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Standard | −10 °C | 20 °C | 50 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile strength, MPa | MSZ EN ISO 527-2:2012 | 18.1 | 16.8 | 12.7 |
E-modulus, MPa | MSZ EN ISO 527-2:2012 | 1370 | 975 | 880 |
Elongation at break, % | MSZ EN ISO 527-2:2012 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 8.9 |
Flexural strength, MPa | MSZ EN ISO 14125:1999 | 30.3 | 25.1 | 19.5 |
E-modulus, MPa | MSZ EN ISO 14125:1999 | 780 | 750 | 610 |
Elongation, % | MSZ EN ISO 14125:1999 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.8 |
Charpy impact strength, kJ/m2 | MSZ EN ISO 179-2:2000 | 22.6 | 25.9 | 27.5 |
Symbol | Name | Source | Chemical Formula |
---|---|---|---|
PE-g-MA | Polyethylene grafted maleic-anhydride | n.a. | |
VTMS | Vinyl-trimetoxy-silane | Sigma-Aldrich | |
PEG-300 | Poly (ethylene glycol), average molecular weight 300 | Sigma-Aldrich | |
PEG-2000 | Poly (ethylene glycol), average molecular weight 2000 | Sigma-Aldrich | |
OMAC | α-olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer | Synthetized at the University of Pannonia | |
OMACE | α-olefin-maleic anhydride ester copolymer | Synthetized at the University of Pannonia |
Constituent | No-Chemical | PE-g-MA | VTMS | PEG-300 | PEG-2000 | OMAC | OMACE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
Nano-cellulose | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
PE-g-MA | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
VTMS | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
PEG-300 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
PEG-2000 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
OMAC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
OMACE | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Tc | ΔHc | Tg | Tcc | ΔHcc | Tm1 | Tm2 | ΔHm | Xc | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 73.0 | 9.2 | 51.8 | 85.6 | 8.5 | 161.6 | 168.7 | 43.7 | 37.6 |
PLA-NC | 66.9 | 10.0 | - | 83.8 | 5.5 | 160.1 | 168.0 | 37.6 | 34.6 |
PE-g-MA/NC/PLA | 69.8 | 21.8 | 51.8 | - | - | 159.7 | 166.7 | 41.4 | 45.1 |
VTMS/NC/PLA | 110.4 | 1.4 | 41.8 | 85.3 | 11.1 | 159.8 | 167.2 | 44.4 | 36.3 |
PEG-300/NC/PLA | 61.2 | 21.5 | 57.3 | 80.2 | 1.3 | 158.3 | 166.3 | 40.1 | 42.3 |
PEG-2000/NC/PLA | 67.9 | 18.1 | 50.1 | 78.4 | 0.5 | 158.9 | 167.4 | 40.1 | 43.1 |
OMAC/NC/PLA | 60.0 | 5.3 | 45.3 | 85.0 | 12.2 | 159.9 | 167.9 | 42.7 | 33.2 |
OMACE/NC/PLA | 60.5 | 7.6 | - | 80.6 | 9.1 | 150.6 | 161.6 | 31.1 | 24.0 |
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Lozano Fernandez, M.E.; Miskolczi, N. Production of Cellulose Nano-Fibers and Its Application in Poly-Lactic-Acid: Property Improvement by New Types of Coupling Agents. Polymers 2022, 14, 1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091887
Lozano Fernandez ME, Miskolczi N. Production of Cellulose Nano-Fibers and Its Application in Poly-Lactic-Acid: Property Improvement by New Types of Coupling Agents. Polymers. 2022; 14(9):1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091887
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano Fernandez, Maria Elena, and Norbert Miskolczi. 2022. "Production of Cellulose Nano-Fibers and Its Application in Poly-Lactic-Acid: Property Improvement by New Types of Coupling Agents" Polymers 14, no. 9: 1887. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091887