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Volume 15
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10.3390/polym15132960
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Article

Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers

by
Roberto J. Aguado
1,
Gabriela A. Bastida
1,2,
Francisco X. Espinach
1,
Joan Llorens
3,
Quim Tarrés
1,
Marc Delgado-Aguilar
1,* and
Pere Mutjé
1
1
LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
2
Instituto de Tecnología Celulósica, FIQ-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2654, Santa Fe S3000AOJ, Argentina
3
CATS Research Group, Department of Architecture and Construction Engineering, University of Girona, Avda Mª Aurelia Capmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2023, 15(13), 2960; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132960
Submission received: 1 June 2023 / Revised: 29 June 2023 / Accepted: 4 July 2023 / Published: 6 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cellulose-Based Polymers and Composites)
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Abstract

Composite materials containing natural reinforcement fibers, generally called biocomposites, have attracted the interest of both researchers and manufacturers, but the most environmentally advantageous combinations include a bio-based matrix, as well. With this in mind, a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix was reinforced with natural fibers from hemp, both untreated strands (UHSs) and soda-bleached fibers (SBHFs). The preparation of the subsequent fully bio-sourced, discontinuously reinforced composites involved kinetic mixing, intensive single-screw extrusion, milling, and injection molding. Up to a fiber content of 30 wt%, the tensile modulus increased linearly with the volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Differences between SBHFs (up to 7.6 Gpa) and UHSs (up to 6.9 Gpa) were hardly significant (p = 0.1), but SBHF-reinforced composites displayed higher strain at failure. In any case, for the same fiber load (30 wt%), the Young’s modulus of PLA/hemp biocomposites was greater than that of glass fiber (GF)-reinforced polypropylene (5.7 GPa), albeit lower than that of PLA/GF (9.8 GPa). Considering all the measurements, the contribution of each phase was analyzed by applying the Hirsch model and the Tsai-Pagano model. As a concluding remark, although the intrinsic tensile modulus of SBHFs was lower than that of GF, the efficiency of those natural fibers as reinforcement (according to the rule of mixtures) was found to be higher.
Keywords: biocomposites; cellulose fiber; micromechanics; natural fibers; poly(lactic acid); Young’s modulus biocomposites; cellulose fiber; micromechanics; natural fibers; poly(lactic acid); Young’s modulus

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MDPI and ACS Style

Aguado, R.J.; Bastida, G.A.; Espinach, F.X.; Llorens, J.; Tarrés, Q.; Delgado-Aguilar, M.; Mutjé, P. Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers. Polymers 2023, 15, 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132960

AMA Style

Aguado RJ, Bastida GA, Espinach FX, Llorens J, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Mutjé P. Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers. Polymers. 2023; 15(13):2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132960

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aguado, Roberto J., Gabriela A. Bastida, Francisco X. Espinach, Joan Llorens, Quim Tarrés, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, and Pere Mutjé. 2023. "Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers" Polymers 15, no. 13: 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132960

APA Style

Aguado, R. J., Bastida, G. A., Espinach, F. X., Llorens, J., Tarrés, Q., Delgado-Aguilar, M., & Mutjé, P. (2023). Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers. Polymers, 15(13), 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132960

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