Effects of Annealing for Strength Enhancement of FDM 3D-Printed ABS Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fiber
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Filament Fabrication
2.2. FDM 3D Printing Specifications
2.3. Annealing
2.4. Mechanical Testing
2.4.1. Filament Single Fiber Tensile Testing
2.4.2. FDM 3D-Printed Sample Mechanical Testing
2.5. Dimensional Analysis
2.6. Morphology Analysis
3. Characterization of Self-Fabricated rCF/ABS Filaments
3.1. Filament Single Fiber Tensile Test
3.2. Analysis of Filament Fracture Surface
4. Results and Discussion of Annealed FDM 3D-Printed Specimens
4.1. Mechanical Properties
4.1.1. FDM 3D-Printed Samples’ Tensile Test Results
4.1.2. FDM 3D-Printed Samples’ Flexural Test Results
4.2. Post-Annealing Dimension Analysis
4.3. Post-Annealing Morphorlogy Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The mechanical properties of the filament produced under various temperature combinations of the filament extruder were found to be closely related to the temperature of heat zone 1. The conditions that showed the highest tensile properties were all achieved when the temperature of heat zone 1, which was close to the nozzle, was the lowest at 200 °C. However, heat zones 2–3 did not significantly affect the tensile properties.
- Cross-sectional microstructure analysis of filaments with different fiber content showed that internal pores increase with increasing fiber content; in particular, large and small pores were observed at 20 wt% rCF, suggesting that internal pores increase with increasing fiber content, which may adversely affect the mechanical properties.
- Tensile and flexural tests showed that the addition of rCF significantly affected the mechanical properties. The tensile strength and modulus increased with fiber reinforcement, and the flexural modulus increased with the fiber content. The exception was the flexural strength at 20 wt% rCF, which was lower than that of pure ABS. This decrease in flexural strength is consistent with the defects observed in the filament cross-sectional analysis with increasing fiber content.
- Most of the annealed specimens had their highest tensile strengths at 105 °C and 4 h, and the tensile modulus increased proportionally with increasing treatment temperature and time. The largest increase was at 20 wt% rCF, where the strength and modulus increased by 12.94% and 36.44%, respectively.
- The flexural properties showed an increase in strength and modulus due to annealing at all temperature and time conditions. The largest increase in flexural stress (42.33%) and modulus (71.47%) occurred at 175 °C for the 20 wt% rCF sample.
- Observation of the fracture surfaces of the tensile sample after annealing confirmed that the voids between the beads caused by the FDM process healed as the annealing temperature increased. We also observed a reduction in micropores due to the addition of rCF and the closure of the gaps between the rCF and polymer. This was closely related to the improvement in the mechanical properties due to annealing.
- Annealing has a significant impact on sample dimensions. In particular, it causes large shrinkage in the same direction as the printing direction in FDM printing. However, this deformation decreases significantly as the rCF content increases.
- The results of the mechanical property improvement and dimensional stability due to annealing show that rCF-reinforced ABS is more suitable for annealing than pure ABS.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Temperature Combination | Heater 1 [°C] | Heater 2 [°C] | Heater 3 [°C] | Heater 4 [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 200 | 200 | 225 | 240 |
2 | 250 | 200 | 225 | 240 |
3 | 200 | 250 | 225 | 240 |
4 | 250 | 250 | 225 | 240 |
5 | 200 | 225 | 200 | 240 |
6 | 250 | 225 | 200 | 240 |
7 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 240 |
8 | 250 | 225 | 250 | 240 |
9 | 225 | 200 | 200 | 240 |
10 | 225 | 250 | 200 | 240 |
11 | 225 | 200 | 250 | 240 |
12 | 225 | 250 | 250 | 240 |
13 | 225 | 225 | 225 | 240 |
Number | Annealing Temperature (°C) | Time (h) |
---|---|---|
1 | Untreated | - |
2 | 105 | 0.5 |
3 | 2 | |
4 | 4 | |
5 | 125 | 0.5 |
6 | 2 | |
7 | 4 | |
8 | 175 | 0.5 |
Diameter [mm] | Heater 1 [°C] | Heater 2 [°C] | Heater 3 [°C] | Heater 4 [°C] | Extruder RPM | Fan Speed [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.75 | 200 | 230 | 230 | 240 | 3.5 | 55 |
2.85 | 6.5 | 65 |
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Seok, W.; Jeon, E.; Kim, Y. Effects of Annealing for Strength Enhancement of FDM 3D-Printed ABS Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fiber. Polymers 2023, 15, 3110. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143110
Seok W, Jeon E, Kim Y. Effects of Annealing for Strength Enhancement of FDM 3D-Printed ABS Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fiber. Polymers. 2023; 15(14):3110. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143110
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeok, Wonseok, Euysik Jeon, and Youngshin Kim. 2023. "Effects of Annealing for Strength Enhancement of FDM 3D-Printed ABS Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fiber" Polymers 15, no. 14: 3110. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15143110