Co-Plasticization of Starch with Glycerol and Isosorbide: Effect on Retrogradation in Thermo-Plastic Cassava Starch Films
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Mechanical Properties of Tension
2.4. Moisture Absorption
2.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.6. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.8. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.9. Scanning Electron Microscopy Morphology (SEM)
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties of Tension
3.2. Moisture Absorption
3.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.5. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.6. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy Morphology (SEM)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Starch (wt. %) | Plasticizer | Temperature Profile (°C) | Speed (rpm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glycerol (wt. %) | Isosorbide (wt. %) | ||||
TPS-G | 70 | 30 | 0 | 110–155–145–109 | 45 |
TPS-i10 | 70 | 20 | 10 | ||
TPS-i20 | 70 | 10 | 20 | 110–160–155–109 | |
TPS-i30 | 70 | 0 | 30 |
Sample | Day | E (Mpa) | σ (Mpa) | Ɛ (%) | Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orientation in Machine Direction | |||||
TPS-G | 2 | 7.51 ± 1.13 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 200 ± 7 | 0.31 ± 0.03 |
30 | 123.89 ± 4.49 | 1.57 ± 0.05 | 42 ± 3 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | |
TPS-i10 | 2 | 14.22 ± 1.01 | 0.96 ± 0.05 | 188 ± 3 | 0.24 ± 0.02 |
30 | 14.07 ± 1.10 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 128 ± 2 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | |
TPS-i20 | 2 | 32.54 ± 3.19 | 1.76 ± 0.17 | 125 ± 21 | 0.21 ± 0.01 |
30 | 9.62 ± 0.64 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 203 ± 29 | 0.30 ± 0.05 | |
Orientation in Transverse Direction | |||||
TPS-G | 2 | 5.70 ± 1.08 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 231 ± 47 | 0.31 ± 0.04 |
30 | 140.37 ± 5.90 | 1.40 ± 0.07 | 40 ± 1 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | |
TPS-i10 | 2 | 12.49 ± 0.71 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 212 ± 15 | 0.25 ± 0.02 |
30 | 12.17 ± 1.86 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 164 ± 8 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | |
TPS-i20 | 2 | 24.32 ± 0.84 | 1.35 ± 0.04 | 192 ± 14 | 0.22 ± 0.01 |
30 | 7.99 ± 0.22 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 285 ± 6 | 0.34 ± 0.01 |
Sample | Time (Days) | AA | CA | RC (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Starch | - | 5.82 | 2.38 | 29.05 |
TPS-G | 1 | 7.57 | 0.23 | 2.93 |
30 | 7.81 | 0.58 | 6.89 | |
TPS-i10 | 1 | 7.48 | 0.24 | 3.10 |
30 | 7.34 | 0.26 | 3.38 | |
TPS-i20 | 1 | 7.25 | 0.28 | 3.71 |
30 | 7.32 | 0.29 | 3.82 |
Sample | Parameter | Time (Day) | n | k | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 30 | ||||
TPS-G | Tm (°C) | 215 | 184 | 193 | 195 | 191 | 191 | 0.21 | 0.52 |
∆Hm (J/g) | 55 | 131 | 150 | 155 | 157 | 222 | |||
DR | - | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.60 | 0.61 | - | |||
TPS-i10 | Tm (°C) | 222 | 198 | 197 | 211 | 180 | 190 | 0.62 | 0.24 |
∆Hm (J/g) | 52 | 96 | 123 | 131 | 159 | 198 | |||
DR | - | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 0.73 | - | |||
TPS-i20 | Tm (°C) | 240 | 196 | 213 | 196 | 193 | 185 | 0.55 | 0.24 |
∆Hm (J/g) | 41 | 79 | 100 | 125 | 127 | 171 | |||
DR | - | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 0.66 | - |
Variable | Sample | Time (Days) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 30 | ||
T10% (°C) | TPS-G | 230 | 148 | 168 | 134 | 147 | 125 |
TPS-i10 | 240 | 194 | 164 | 153 | 155 | 132 | |
TPS-i20 | 250 | 217 | 162 | 166 | 159 | 143 | |
T50% (°C) | TPS-G | 322 | 319 | 321 | 318 | 319 | 320 |
TPS-i10 | 323 | 321 | 320 | 319 | 321 | 322 | |
TPS-i20 | 321 | 321 | 319 | 320 | 320 | 322 | |
T90% (°C) | TPS-G | 411 | 390 | 402 | 392 | 388 | 388 |
TPS-i10 | 412 | 407 | 404 | 402 | 394 | 401 | |
TPS-i20 | 421 | 418 | 395 | 416 | 406 | 399 | |
Tmax (°C) | TPS-G | 331 | 331 | 331 | 330 | 331 | 332 |
TPS-i10 | 331 | 330 | 330 | 330 | 330 | 333 | |
TPS-i20 | 328 | 329 | 328 | 330 | 329 | 331 | |
Residue | TPS-G | 3.6 | 4.9 | 6.5 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 4.2 |
TPS-i10 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 3.0 | |
TPS-i20 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 7.1 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 7.1 |
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Gómez-López, R.A.; Montilla-Buitrago, C.E.; Villada-Castillo, H.S.; Sáenz-Galindo, A.; Avalos-Belmontes, F.; Serna-Cock, L. Co-Plasticization of Starch with Glycerol and Isosorbide: Effect on Retrogradation in Thermo-Plastic Cassava Starch Films. Polymers 2023, 15, 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092104
Gómez-López RA, Montilla-Buitrago CE, Villada-Castillo HS, Sáenz-Galindo A, Avalos-Belmontes F, Serna-Cock L. Co-Plasticization of Starch with Glycerol and Isosorbide: Effect on Retrogradation in Thermo-Plastic Cassava Starch Films. Polymers. 2023; 15(9):2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092104
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez-López, Rudy A., Camilo E. Montilla-Buitrago, Héctor S. Villada-Castillo, Aidé Sáenz-Galindo, Felipe Avalos-Belmontes, and Liliana Serna-Cock. 2023. "Co-Plasticization of Starch with Glycerol and Isosorbide: Effect on Retrogradation in Thermo-Plastic Cassava Starch Films" Polymers 15, no. 9: 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092104