Effect of Guar Gum Content on the Mechanical Properties of Laterite Soil for Subgrade Soil Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laterite Soil
XRD Analysis of Laterite Soil
2.2. Guar Gum
XRD Analysis of Guar Gum
2.3. Sample Preparation
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Atterberg’s Limit
3.2. Modified Proctor Test
3.3. Direct Shear Test
3.4. CBR Test
3.5. Microstructural Study
3.5.1. XRD Analysis of LS + 2% GG
3.5.2. SEM (LS + 2% GG)
4. Pavement Design and Cost Analysis
4.1. Guar Gum Used in Solely Subgrade Soil vs. in Subgrade Soil with Embankment Soil (T8 Category)
4.2. Guar Gum Used in Solely Subgrade Soil vs. in Subgrade Soil with Embankment Soil (T9 Category)
5. Conclusions
- When the soil was treated with guar gum, increases of 36.03% in the liquid limit, 49.21% in the plastic limit, and 76.42% in the shrinkage rate were found.
- Guar gum increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content. The addition of 2% guar gum increased the dry unit weight of laterite soil from 1.42 to 1.81 gm/cc, but further additions lowered it.
- The unsoaked CBR value of soil containing 2% guar gum indicated an increase of 148%, while the soaked CBR value increased by 192.36%; further additions of guar gum did not affect the CBR values.
- The cohesiveness of the soil admixed with 2% guar gum increased by 93.33%, and the angle of internal friction increased by 31.52%; however, no further rise in its cohesion or angle of internal friction was found. Soils treated with guar gum improved in their shear strength.
- Guar gum is a promising substance for soil enhancement since it is more sustainable and environmentally friendly than other additives. However, it is currently not cost-effective. As increased production of guar gum will lower its prices, using biopolymers as soil improvement materials may become economically viable due to this research.
- Considering both the cost factor and the substantial enhancements observed in the soil’s mechanical properties, this study recommends guar gum as a well-suited material for integration into subgrade laterite soil. Using guar gum in T8 subgrade soil necessitated a pavement depth of 1395 mm, entailing a cost of INR 3.83 Crores, 1.52 times higher than that for laterite soil. For T9 subgrade soil, the required depth was 1495 mm, with expenses amounting to INR 4.42 Crores, representing a 1.72-times increase compared to that of laterite soil.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Properties | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Specific Gravity (G) | 2.52–2.67 | IS 2720 (Part-3) 1980 [42] |
2 | Distribution of Particle Size | IS: 2720 (Part-4): 1985 [42] | |
| 29–32 | ||
| 19–25 | ||
| 52–58 | ||
3 | Consistency Limits | IS 2720 (Part-5) 1985 [42] | |
LL (%) | 58–64 | ||
PL (%) | 34–39 | ||
PI (%) | 24–25 | ||
SL (%) | 17–21 | ||
4 | Soil Classification | MH | |
5 | Modified Proctor Test | IS 2720 (Part-8) 1980 [42] | |
| 1.40–1.43 | ||
| 13.02–16 | ||
6 | CBR Value (%) | IS 2720 (Part-16) 1987 [42] | |
Soaked | 1.34–1.44 | ||
Unsoaked | 2.3–2.5 | ||
7 | Direct Shear Test | IS 2720 (Part-15) 1986 [42] | |
Cohesion (kg/cm2) | 0.13–0.15 | ||
Angle of Internal Friction (Degree) | 13.09–15.22 | ||
8 | Coefficient of Permeability (cm/sec) | 2.75 × 10−4 | IS 2720 (Part-17) 1986 [42] |
Geotechnical Property | Type A Soil | Type B Soil | Type C Soil | Type D Soil | Mean | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guar Gum % | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Specific Gravity | 2.73 | 2.80 | 2.84 | 2.65 | 2.74 | 2.81 | 2.68 | 2.76 | 2.84 | 2.72 | 2.78 | 2.86 | 2.69 | 2.77 | 2.83 |
Liquid Limit % | 69 | 77 | 82.5 | 67 | 74 | 79 | 68 | 78 | 83 | 67 | 76 | 82 | 67.75 | 76.25 | 81.62 |
Plastic Limit % | 40.83 | 48.97 | 56.80 | 41.25 | 46.55 | 54.35 | 40.25 | 47.65 | 53.60 | 42.10 | 45.75 | 56.10 | 42.02 | 47.23 | 55.21 |
Plasticity Index % | 28.17 | 28.03 | 26.5 | 25.75 | 27.45 | 24.65 | 27.75 | 30.35 | 29.4 | 24.9 | 30.25 | 25.9 | 25.73 | 29.02 | 26.41 |
Shrinkage Limit % | 26.81 | 29.41 | 32.20 | 25.33 | 31.25 | 34.55 | 28.30 | 32.40 | 33.10 | 27.35 | 30.45 | 34.25 | 26.95 | 30.87 | 33.52 |
MDD (kN/m3) | 1.72 | 1.82 | 1.75 | 1.68 | 1.78 | 1.65 | 1.70 | 1.82 | 1.74 | 1.78 | 1.82 | 1.70 | 1.72 | 1.81 | 1.71 |
OMC % | 16.25 | 16.75 | 16.10 | 15.75 | 16.25 | 15.25 | 16.75 | 17.25 | 16.5 | 17.5 | 18.25 | 17.40 | 16.56 | 17.12 | 16.31 |
Soil Description | Type A Soil | Type B Soil | Type C Soil | Type D Soil | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (kg/cm2) | Φ (Degree) | C (kg/cm2) | Φ (Degree) | C (kg/cm2) | Φ (Degree) | C (kg/cm2) | Φ (Degree) | |
Laterite Soil (LS + 0% GG) | 0.15 | 22.81 | 0.15 | 22.81 | 0.15 | 22.81 | 0.15 | 22.81 |
Lateritic Soil + 1% Guar Gum (LS + 1% GG) | 0.24 | 26.35 | 0.27 | 28.23 | 0.33 | 29.46 | 0.31 | 29.24 |
Lateritic Soil + 2% Guar Gum (LS + 2% GG) | 0.29 | 25.71 | 0.31 | 29.29 | 0.35 | 31.04 | 0.33 | 30.41 |
Lateritic Soil + 3% Guar Gum (LS + 3% GG) | 0.27 | 25.96 | 0.25 | 31.92 | 0.33 | 34.87 | 0.32 | 31.29 |
Case 1: 2% Guar Gum in Only Subgrade Soil | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length of road (m) | 1000 | MDD (kg/m3) | 1820 | |||||
Carriageway width (m) | 14 | Biopolymer | Guar gum | |||||
Effective CBR (%) | 2.90 | Layer to be used | Subgrade | |||||
Subgrade class | S2 | Dosage | 2% | |||||
Layer | Thickness (mm) | Top width (m) | Bottom width (m) | Length (m) | Qty. (cum.) | Qty. (kg) | Rate (INR) | Amount (INR) |
OGPC | 20 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 280 | 0 | 267 | 74,760 |
WBM Grade-3 | 75 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 1050 | 0 | 2180 | 2,289,000 |
WBM (CBR > 100%) | 150 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 2100 | 0 | 2180 | 4,578,000 |
Granular sub-base (CBR > 20%) | 150 | 14.98 | 15.58 | 1000 | 2292 | 0 | 2039 | 4,673,388 |
Modified subgrade | 200 | 15.58 | 16.38 | 1000 | 3196 | 0 | 3627 | 11,591,892 |
Subgrade | 300 | 15.58 | 16.78 | 1000 | 4854 | 0 | 393 | 1,907,622 |
Embankment | 500 | 16.78 | 18.78 | 1000 | 8890 | 0 | 393 | 3,493,770 |
Total | 1395 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Guar gum | - | - | - | - | 176,686 | 55 | 9,717,708 | |
Total | 38,326,140 | |||||||
Total in Cr. | 3.83 |
Case 2: 2% Guar Gum in Subgrade and Embankment Soil | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length of road (m) | 1000 | MDD (kg/m3) | 1820 | |||||
Carriageway width (m) | 14 | Biopolymer | Guar gum | |||||
Effective CBR (%) | 12.57 | Layer to be used | Subgrade and embankment | |||||
Subgrade class | S5 | Dosage | 2% | |||||
Layer | Thickness (mm) | Top width (m) | Bottom width (m) | Length (m) | Qty. (cum.) | Qty. (kg) | Rate (INR) | Amount (INR) |
OGPC | 20 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 280 | 0 | 267 | 74,760 |
WBM Grade-3 | 75 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 1050 | 0 | 2180 | 2,289,000 |
WBM (CBR > 100%) | 150 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 2100 | 0 | 2180 | 4,578,000 |
Granular sub-base (CBR > 20%) | 175 | 14.98 | 15.68 | 1000 | 2683 | 0 | 2039 | 5,470,127 |
Modified subgrade | 0 | 15.68 | 15.68 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 3627 | - |
Subgrade | 500 | 15.68 | 17.68 | 1000 | 8340 | 0 | 393 | 3,277,620 |
Embankment | 500 | 17.68 | 19.68 | 1000 | 9340 | 0 | 393 | 3,670,620 |
Total | 1420 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Guar gum | - | - | - | - | 643,552 | 55 | 35,395,360 | |
Total | 54,755,487 | |||||||
Total in Cr. | 5.48 |
Case 3: 2% Guar Gum in Only Subgrade Soil | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length of road (m) | 1000 | MDD (kg/m3) | 1820 | |||||
Carriageway width (m) | 14 | Biopolymer | Guar gum | |||||
Effective CBR (%) | 2.90 | Layer to be used | Subgrade | |||||
Subgrade class | S2 | Dosage | 2% | |||||
Layer | Thickness (mm) | Top width (m) | Bottom width (m) | Length (m) | Qty. (cum.) | Qty. (kg) | Rate (INR) | Amount (INR) |
OGPC | 20 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 280 | 0 | 267 | 74,760 |
Bituminous macadam | 50 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 700 | 0 | 7644 | 5,350,800 |
WBM (CBR > 100%) | 225 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 3150 | 0 | 2180 | 6,867,000 |
Granular sub-base (CBR > 20%) | 200 | 15.18 | 15.98 | 1000 | 3116 | 0 | 2039 | 6,353,524 |
Modified subgrade | 100 | 15.98 | 16.38 | 1000 | 1618 | 0 | 3627 | 5,868,486 |
Subgrade | 400 | 15.98 | 17.58 | 1000 | 6712 | 0 | 393 | 2,637,816 |
Embankment | 500 | 17.58 | 19.58 | 1000 | 9290 | 0 | 393 | 3,650,970 |
Total | 1495 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Guar gum | - | - | - | - | 244,317 | 55 | 13,437,424 | |
Total | 44,240,780 | |||||||
Total in Cr. | 4.42 |
Case 4: 2% Guar Gum in Subgrade and Embankment Soil | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length of road (m) | 1000 | MDD (kg/m3) | 1820 | |||||
Carriageway width (m) | 14 | Biopolymer | Guar gum | |||||
Effective CBR (%) | 12.57 | Layer to be used | Subgrade and embankment | |||||
Subgrade class | S5 | Dosage | 2% | |||||
Layer | Thickness (mm) | Top width (m) | Bottom width (m) | Length (m) | Qty. (cum.) | Qty. (kg) | Rate (INR) | Amount (INR) |
OGPC | 20 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 280 | 0 | 267 | 74,760 |
Bituminous macadam | 50 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 700 | 0 | 7644 | 5,350,800 |
WBM (CBR > 100%) | 225 | 14 | 14 | 1000 | 3150 | 0 | 2180 | 6,867,000 |
Granular sub-base (CBR > 20%) | 125 | 15.18 | 15.68 | 1000 | 1929 | 0 | 2039 | 3,932,721 |
Modified subgrade | 0 | 15.68 | 15.68 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 3627 | - |
Subgrade | 500 | 15.68 | 17.68 | 1000 | 8340 | 0 | 393 | 3,277,620 |
Embankment | 500 | 17.68 | 19.68 | 1000 | 9340 | 0 | 393 | 3,670,620 |
Total | 1420 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Guar gum | - | - | - | - | 643,552 | 55 | 35,395,360 | |
Total | 58,568,881 | |||||||
Total in Cr. | 5.86 |
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Banne, S.P.; Kulkarni, S.; Baldovino, J.A. Effect of Guar Gum Content on the Mechanical Properties of Laterite Soil for Subgrade Soil Application. Polymers 2024, 16, 2202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152202
Banne SP, Kulkarni S, Baldovino JA. Effect of Guar Gum Content on the Mechanical Properties of Laterite Soil for Subgrade Soil Application. Polymers. 2024; 16(15):2202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152202
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanne, Shailendra Pandurang, Saurabh Kulkarni, and Jair Arrieta Baldovino. 2024. "Effect of Guar Gum Content on the Mechanical Properties of Laterite Soil for Subgrade Soil Application" Polymers 16, no. 15: 2202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152202