A Green Approach to Oil Spill Mitigation: New Hybrid Materials for Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Lignin Esterification
2.3. Xanthan Esterification
2.4. Adsorptive Materials Obtainment
2.5. Adsorption of Degraded Motor Oil
2.6. Adsorption Kinetics
2.7. Isotherms Analysis
2.8. Regeneration and Reusability Evaluation
2.9. The Characterization of Materials
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Adsorption Capacity of Degraded Motor Oil
3.2. The Impact of Chemical Modification of XG and LB upon the Adsorption Capacity
3.3. The Effect of CL on Adsorption Capacity of Materials
3.4. The Impact of the Structural Properties of Materials on Their Adsorption Capacity
3.4.1. The Effect of Materials’ Density and Porosity on the Adsorption Capacity
3.4.2. The Impact of Materials’ Morphology upon Their Adsorption Capacity
3.4.3. The Effect of Materials’ Surface Area on Their Adsorption Capacity
3.4.4. The Impact of the Materials’ Compression Resistance upon Their Adsorption Capacity
3.4.5. The Effect of Additives Zeta Potential upon Materials Adsorptive Properties
3.5. The Influence of Experimental Parameters upon Materials Adsorptive Capacity
3.5.1. The Effect of Contact Time upon Adsorption Process (Kinetic Study)
3.5.2. The Influence of Initial Degraded Motor Oil Amount upon Adsorption Process (Adsorption Isotherms Study)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Composition | Mass Ratio |
---|---|---|
XG/CL | XG and CL | 1:0.5 |
XG/CL/LB | XG, CL and LB | 1:0.5:1 |
XG/CL/LBOL | XG, CL and LBOL | 1:0.5:1 |
XG/CL/LBST | XG, CL and LBST | 1:0.5:1 |
XGAC/CL | XGAC and CL | 1:0.5 |
XGAC/CL/LB | XGAC, CL and LB | 1:0.5:1 |
XGAC/CL/LBOL | XGAC, CL and LBOL | 1:0.5:1 |
XGAC/CL/LBST | XGAC, CL and LBST | 1:0.5:1 |
a qe ± SD, g/g | |||
---|---|---|---|
Material | Degraded 5w40 Motor Oil | ||
1 g | 2 g | 3 g | |
XG/CL | 34.49 ± 1.60 | 35.29 ± 2.73 | 39.58 ± 3.57 |
XG/CL/LB | 26.19 ± 1.94 | 27.03 ± 4.01 | 31.09 ± 6.57 |
XG/CL/LBOL | 33.10 ± 0.34 | 36.35 ± 1.79 | 46.80 ± 3.43 |
XG/CL/LBST | 26.82 ± 2.26 | 32.47 ± 2.35 | 36.70 ± 1.78 |
XGAC/CL | 34.97 ± 2.08 | 43.53 ± 4.11 | 45.73 ± 3.90 |
XGAC/CL/LB | 21.89 ± 2.32 | 23.99 ± 1.78 | 25.44 ± 3.30 |
XGAC/CL/LBOL | 27.11 ± 0.90 | 27.89 ± 1.72 | 34.96 ± 1.37 |
XGAC/CL/LBST | 29.99 ± 4.49 | 36.10 ± 3.99 | 39.31 ± 4.42 |
Material | a Density, g/cm3 | a Porosity, % | b Pore Area, % |
---|---|---|---|
XG/CL | 0.034 ± 0.011 | 90.21 ± 3.12 | 55.20 |
XG/CL/LB | 0.028 ± 0.004 | 54.06 ± 1.23 | 40.94 |
XG/CL/LBOL | 0.021 ± 0.010 | 98.25 ± 2.47 | 62.18 |
XG/CL/LBST | 0.048 ± 0.002 | 84.97 ± 2.34 | 37.60 |
XGAC/CL | 0.028 ± 0.0024 | 71.91 ± 0.93 | 50.55 |
XGAC/CL/LB | 0.035 ± 0.0032 | 77.15 ± 1.45 | 49.66 |
XGAC/CL/LBOL | 0.064 ± 0.0013 | 96.56 ± 3.11 | 43.77 |
XGAC/CL/LBST | 0.068 ± 0.0027 | 72.94 ± 2.97 | 59.76 |
BET Data | |||
---|---|---|---|
Material | a Sorption Capacity, % d.b. | a Surface Area, m2/g | a Monolayer, g/g |
XG/CL | 25.59 ± 2.00 | 169.25 ± 1.17 | 0.048 ± 0.020 |
XG/CL/LB | 20.56 ± 1.69 | 143.62 ± 3.55 | 0.040 ± 0.040 |
XG/CL/LBOL | 23.91 ± 3.77 | 170.44 ± 2.54 | 0.048 ± 0.010 |
XG/CL/LBST | 18.35 ± 3.38 | 129.14 ± 5.90 | 0.036 ± 0.040 |
XGAC/CL | 24.37 ± 1.45 | 172.80 ± 6.27 | 0.049 ± 0.030 |
XGAC/CL/LB | 16.96 ± 1.98 | 163.55 ± 2.76 | 0.046 ± 0.021 |
XGAC/CL/LBOL | 20.93 ± 2.03 | 154.22 ± 9.85 | 0.043 ± 0.024 |
XGAC/CL/LBST | 19.63 ± 3.33 | 143.48 ± 0.63 | 0.040 ± 0.017 |
Material | Compressive Nominal Stress, kPa | Strain, % | Compressive Elastic Modulus, kPa | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
XGAC/CL | 211.88 ± 10.30 | 88.46 ± 0.27 | 10.29 ± 0.47 | 0.999 |
XGAC/CL/LB | 194.95 ± 9.47 | 64.93 ± 0.50 | 7.34 ± 0.39 | 0.992 |
XGAC/CL/LBOL | 242.70 ± 8.52 | 78.43 ± 0.42 | 5.11 ± 0.63 | 0.994 |
XGAC/CL/LBST | 173.49 ± 11.33 | 100.11 ± 0.09 | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 0.981 |
Sample | Zeta Potential, mV |
---|---|
CL | 16.85 ± 3.01 |
LB | −31.06 ± 0.70 |
LBOL | −21.67 ± 0.90 |
LBST | −14.19 ± 0.06 |
Material | PFO Model | PSO Model | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 g Oil | 2 g Oil | 3 g Oil | 1 g Oil | 2 g Oil | 3 g Oil | |||||||
k1, min−1 | R2 | k1, min−1 | R2 | k1, min−1 | R2 | k2 × 10−4, g/min × g | R2 | k2 × 10−4, g/min × g | R2 | k2 × 10−4, g/min × g | R2 | |
XG/CL | −0.04 | 0.8425 | −0.04 | 0.8491 | −0.04 | 0.8477 | 1.80 | 0.9985 | 1.18 | 0.9977 | 1.89 | 0.9993 |
XG/CL/LB | −0.03 | 0.9231 | −0.03 | 0.8501 | −0.04 | 0.7097 | 4.26 | 0.9991 | 3.92 | 0.9971 | 3.06 | 0.9998 |
XG/CL/LBOL | −0.03 | 0.4641 | −0.04 | 0.7338 | −0.04 | 0.8787 | 3.09 | 0.9985 | 2.48 | 0.9989 | 0.60 | 0.9889 |
XG/CL/LBST | −0.04 | 0.8386 | −0.03 | 0.9398 | −0.04 | 0.8350 | 7.10 | 0.9999 | 1.66 | 0.9981 | 0.85 | 0.9560 |
XGAC/CL | −0.04 | 0.8496 | −0.05 | 0.8491 | −0.03 | 0.9511 | 1.26 | 0.9980 | 9.95 | 0.9977 | 0.44 | 0.9889 |
XGAC/CL/LB | −0.04 | 0.8396 | −0.04 | 0.8394 | −0.04 | 0.8441 | 4.84 | 0.9995 | 4.48 | 0.9998 | 2.44 | 0.9983 |
XGAC/CL/LBOL | −0.03 | 0.4609 | −0.04 | 0.8356 | −0.04 | 0.8443 | 6.65 | 0.9995 | 4.13 | 0.9996 | 1.27 | 0.9955 |
XGAC/CL/LBST | −0.03 | 0.4633 | −0.04 | 0.8449 | −0.03 | 0.8951 | 7.07 | 0.9997 | 1.76 | 0.9986 | 1.05 | 0.9909 |
Materials | Henry | Langmuir | Freundlich | Temkin | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KH, L/g | R2 | qmax, g/g | KL, L/g | RL | R2 | n | KF, L/g | R2 | AT, L/g | BT, J/mol | R2 | |
XG/CL | 0.083 | 0.8923 | 38.70 | 0.54 | 0.16 | 0.6253 | 13.90 | 28.09 | 0.8395 | 24.63 | 2.65 | 0.9337 |
XG/CL/LB | 0.077 | 0.9207 | 30.14 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 0.6035 | 11.82 | 20.72 | 0.8411 | 31.99 | 2.41 | 0.5402 |
XG/CL/LBOL | 0.232 | 0.9656 | 45.52 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.7177 | 5.21 | 19.15 | 0.8120 | 4.67 | 7.50 | 0.8164 |
XG/CL/LBST | 0.253 | 0.9484 | 44.74 | 0.07 | 0.59 | 0.8988 | 3.30 | 10.42 | 0.9707 | 0.67 | 9.83 | 0.9222 |
XGAC/CL | 0.203 | 0.8601 | 50.40 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 0.9088 | 5.37 | 21.12 | 0.9673 | 7.25 | 7.44 | 0.9662 |
XGAC/CL/LB | 0.060 | 0.9829 | 26.10 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.9075 | 10.57 | 16.86 | 0.9949 | 20.43 | 2.23 | 0.9780 |
XGAC/CL/LBOL | 0.136 | 0.9305 | 35.31 | 0.18 | 0.36 | 0.6610 | 6.23 | 16.83 | 0.9094 | 12.45 | 4.92 | 0.7988 |
XGAC/CL/LBST | 0.180 | 0.9540 | 44.25 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.9335 | 4.56 | 15.34 | 0.9913 | 29.53 | 7.51 | 0.9924 |
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Apostol, I.; Dinu, M.V.; Anghel, N.; Spiridon, I. A Green Approach to Oil Spill Mitigation: New Hybrid Materials for Wastewater Treatment. Polymers 2024, 16, 2225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152225
Apostol I, Dinu MV, Anghel N, Spiridon I. A Green Approach to Oil Spill Mitigation: New Hybrid Materials for Wastewater Treatment. Polymers. 2024; 16(15):2225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152225
Chicago/Turabian StyleApostol, Irina, Maria Valentina Dinu, Narcis Anghel, and Iuliana Spiridon. 2024. "A Green Approach to Oil Spill Mitigation: New Hybrid Materials for Wastewater Treatment" Polymers 16, no. 15: 2225. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152225