Research Progress on Lignin Depolymerization Strategies: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Lignocellulosic Structure
Lignin Structure, Properties, and Classification
3. Thermochemical Depolymerization of Lignin
3.1. Pyrolysis
3.2. Microwave-Assisted Lignin Depolymerization
4. Chemocatalytic Depolymerization of Lignin
4.1. Acid or Base Catalysts
4.2. Metal Catalysts
4.3. Ionic Liquids
4.4. Deep Eutectic Solvents
5. Photocatalytic Lignin Depolymerization
5.1. Sole Photocatalysis
5.2. Other Strategies of Assisted Photocatalytic Lignin Depolymerization
6. Electrocatalytic Lignin Depolymerization
6.1. Product Distribution of Lignin Electrochemical Depolymerization
6.2. Electrode Materials
6.3. Combined Strategy for Electrocatalytic Lignin Depolymerization
7. Biological Depolymerization of Lignin
7.1. Fungi
7.2. Bacteria
7.3. Enzymes
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods | Advantage | Disadvantage | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermochemical depolymerization | Pyrolysis Microwave-assisted lignin depolymerization | Simple and fast operation Efficient and easy to handle | Poor selectivity and many by-products High energy consumption | [30,31,43,45] |
Chemical depolymerization | Corrosive equipment, environmental pollution | [47,49,51,55,56,62,64,67,68] | ||
Acid or base catalysts | Efficient and fast | High cost | ||
Metal catalysts | High selectivity | High cost and difficult product separation | ||
Ionic liquids | Highly adjustable reaction | Difficulty in recovery | ||
Deep eutectic solvents | Strong designability | Difficulty in solvent recovery and product separation | ||
Photocatalytic depolymerization | Sole photocatalysis | Strong selectivity, low energy consumption, environmentally friendly | High catalyst cost and poor stability | [72,74,79,87] |
Electrochemical depolymerization | Combined strategy for electrocatalytic lignin depolymerization | Strong selectivity, low energy consumption, environmentally friendly | High requirements for equipment, high cost, difficult industrialization | [88,89,92,95] |
Biological depolymerization | Fungi Bacteria Enzymes | Environmentally friendly Environmentally friendly Environmental protection and directional depolymerization | Low efficiency Long cycle and high cost Long cycle, high cost, vulnerable to environmental impact | [101,102,106,107,108,109] |
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Pei, Z.; Liu, X.; Chen, J.; Wang, H.; Li, H. Research Progress on Lignin Depolymerization Strategies: A Review. Polymers 2024, 16, 2388. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172388
Pei Z, Liu X, Chen J, Wang H, Li H. Research Progress on Lignin Depolymerization Strategies: A Review. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2388. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172388
Chicago/Turabian StylePei, Zhengfei, Xiaofang Liu, Jiasheng Chen, Huan Wang, and Hu Li. 2024. "Research Progress on Lignin Depolymerization Strategies: A Review" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2388. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172388