Cryogenic Insulation—Towards Environmentally Friendly Polyurethane Foams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cryogenics and Cryogenic Rigid Polyurethane Foams from Commercially Available Polyols
3. Environmentally Friendly Blowing Agents in Cryogenic Rigid Polyurethane Foams
4. Bio-Based Polyols in Cryogenic Rigid Polyurethane Foams
Components, pbw | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-functional rapeseed polyol | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
Diethylene glycol | 25 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 5 |
Sustainable material content in PU foam, % | 16.1 | 17.3 | 18.7 | 19.9 | 21.3 |
Thermal conductivity, mW/(m·K) | 18.7 | 18.9 | 20.1 | 21.4 | 27.5 |
Closed-cell content, % | 97.5 | 92.0 | 91.0 | 88.0 | 78.0 |
Safety coefficient | 2.5 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
- ε77—tensile elongation at 77 K, %;
- Δl77−300—shrinkage of material cooling it from 300 to 77 K, %;
- αx—coefficient of thermal expansion, 10−6/°C;
- ΔT—temperature gradient, degrees.
5. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vacuum MLI | Aerogels | Rigid PU Foams |
---|---|---|
+ Low thermal conductivity | + Lightweight + Quiet low thermal conductivity | + Easy to apply + Can cover any shape and form, including connection points + Lightweight + Good mechanical properties + Moisture stable + In the case of damage, it is easily fixed |
- Heavier - In the case of damage, it loses insulation properties | - Sensitive to moisture - Often quite fragile | - Some may have problems with cryo-pumping - Higher thermal conductivity than MLI and aerogels |
Material Number | Foam Type | Function | Blowing Agent |
---|---|---|---|
NCFI 24–124 | Polyisocyanurate | Insulation | HCFH 141b |
NCFI 24–57 | Polyisocyanurate | Insulation | HCFH 141b |
BX-250 | Polyurethane | Insulation | CFC-11 |
BX-265 | Polyurethane | Insulation | HCFH 141b |
MA-25 | Elastomeric silicone | Ablator | N/A |
SLA-561 | Cork-filled elastomeric silicone | Ablator | N/A |
PDL-1034 | Urethane | Repairs | N/A |
Chemical Name | trans-1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene | tis-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene | Dimethoxy Methane | Methyl Formate |
---|---|---|---|---|
CAS number | 102687-65-0 | 692-49-9 | 109-87-5 | 107-31-3 |
Molecular weight, g/mol | 130.5 | 164.1 | 76.0 | 60.1 |
Boiling point, °C | 18.6 | 33.4 | 42.0 | 32.0 |
Freezing point, °C | <−90.0 | −90.5 | −105.0 | −100.0 |
Global warming potential | 1 | 2 | Negligible | 0 |
Ozone depletion potential | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Name | Origin | OHvalue, mgKOH/g | Acid Value, mgKOH/g | Average Functionality |
---|---|---|---|---|
TT | Tall oil | 295 | <5 | 2.4 |
TD | Tall oil | 271 | 1.8 | 2.2 |
RD | Rapeseed oil | 394 | 4.8 | 3.5 |
GX-9006 | Cashew nutshell | 201 | <0.2 | 4.4 |
GX-9101 | Cashew nutshell | 430 | 2.8 | 3.0 |
GX-9104 | Cashew nutshell | 235 | 0.11 | 3.0 |
NX-9001 | Cashew nutshell | 193 | <0.2 | 4.3 |
NX-9004 | Cashew nutshell | 193 | <0.2 | 3.8 |
Components, pbw | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Filler | - | Sawdust | Microcelullose | Nanocellulose |
Sustainable material content in PU foam, % | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Thermal conductivity, mW/(m·K) | 18.7 | 17.7 | 18.5 | 18.1 |
Closed-cell content, % | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Safety coefficient | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
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Share and Cite
Vevere, L.; Yakushin, V.; Sture-Skela, B.; Andersons, J.; Cabulis, U. Cryogenic Insulation—Towards Environmentally Friendly Polyurethane Foams. Polymers 2024, 16, 2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172406
Vevere L, Yakushin V, Sture-Skela B, Andersons J, Cabulis U. Cryogenic Insulation—Towards Environmentally Friendly Polyurethane Foams. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172406
Chicago/Turabian StyleVevere, Laima, Vladimir Yakushin, Beatrise Sture-Skela, Janis Andersons, and Ugis Cabulis. 2024. "Cryogenic Insulation—Towards Environmentally Friendly Polyurethane Foams" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172406