Enhancing Fatigue Resistance of Polylactic Acid through Natural Reinforcement in Material Extrusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Manufacture and Dimensional and Geometrical Control
2.2. Fatigue Test
- S: stress at the fracture section (MPa).
- L: distance between the load applied section and the fixed point (mm).
- x: distance between the fixed point and the maximum stress point (mm).
- d: calibrated area diameter (mm).
- F: Load applied (N).
3. Results
3.1. Dimensional and Geometrical Results
3.2. Fatigue Results
4. Conclusions
- By analyzing the dimensional deviations prior to the fatigue tests, it can be seen that these deviations not only depend on the size or diameter of the part. The reinforcement introduced also has a great influence, due to its density, its capacity to dissipate heat, or its own shrinkage capacity. In this respect, the most similar behavior to the PLA specimens is those reinforced with cellulose fibers.
- The geometrical deviations of the natural fiber reinforcement samples are lower than the samples without reinforcement or with carbon fiber. This can help when working with parts with tighter tolerances and dimensions. Also, lower geometrical deviations also improve fatigue resistance.
- In terms of the behavior under rotational fatigue conditions, natural fibers have a much higher potential compared to carbon fibers, improving the performance of PLA by 50%, with a similar breakage mechanism, presenting brittle and ductile breakage zones.
- Among the fibers tested, coffee and cellulose fibers performed best, with the cellulose fibers showing the best resistance. However, reduced homogeneity is observed in the cellulose specimens, with many gaps in the interior. This leads us to consider the potential of the material, improving the printing of the pieces by eliminating these voids.
- Cork and lax fibers do not present the same improvement for the higher load (1.5 kgf), but they overcome the carbon fibers under the same load (1 kgf), improving the PLA behavior.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material PLA + | Reinforcement Percentage [%] | Brand |
---|---|---|
Cellulose | 10–20 | Addnorth |
Flax | 10–20 | Nanovia |
Coffee | <10 | 3D Fuel |
Cork | 10–20 | ColorFabb |
HR-PLA | - | NatureWorks |
CF | <15 | Fillamentum |
Normal | - | Smartfill |
Layer Thickness e [mm] | Temperature T [°C] | Speed v [mm/s] | Filling [%] | Filling Pattern | Bed Temperature T [°C] | Shells |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | 215 | 40 | 100 | Grid | 55 | 2 |
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Bermudo Gamboa, C.; Martín-Béjar, S.; Bañón García, F.; Sevilla Hurtado, L. Enhancing Fatigue Resistance of Polylactic Acid through Natural Reinforcement in Material Extrusion. Polymers 2024, 16, 2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172422
Bermudo Gamboa C, Martín-Béjar S, Bañón García F, Sevilla Hurtado L. Enhancing Fatigue Resistance of Polylactic Acid through Natural Reinforcement in Material Extrusion. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172422
Chicago/Turabian StyleBermudo Gamboa, Carolina, Sergio Martín-Béjar, Fermín Bañón García, and Lorenzo Sevilla Hurtado. 2024. "Enhancing Fatigue Resistance of Polylactic Acid through Natural Reinforcement in Material Extrusion" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172422