Lignin-Based Composite Film and Its Application for Agricultural Mulching
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Lignin
2.1. Structural Units and Linkages of Lignin
2.2. Lignin Separation Techniques
3. Lignin-Based Composite Film Materials
3.1. Lignin/Natural Polymer Composite Film
3.1.1. Lignin/Cellulose Composite Film
3.1.2. Lignin/Starch Composite Film
3.1.3. Lignin/Chitosan Composite Film
3.1.4. Lignin/Bacterial Cellulose Composite Film
3.2. Lignin/Synthetic Polymer Composite Film
3.2.1. Lignin/Polyolefin Composite Film
3.2.2. Lignin/Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Composite Film
4. Application of Lignin-Based Composite Film in Agriculture
4.1. Agricultural Practice with Mulching
4.1.1. Current Status of Traditional Polyethylene (PE) Mulch Applications
4.1.2. Agricultural Surface Pollution from Traditional Agricultural Mulch
4.2. Prospects for Lignin-Based Agricultural Mulching Film Applications
4.2.1. Covering Performance of Lignin-Based Agricultural Mulching Film
4.2.2. Biodegradability of Lignin-Based Agricultural Mulching Film
4.2.3. Enhancement of Soil Organic Carbon by Lignin-Based Agricultural Film
4.2.4. Economics of Lignin-Based Film Production and Application
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Composite Polymers | Lignin Source | Interfacial Interaction between Polymers | Function of Lignin | Performance | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin/natural polymer composite film | Lignin/cellulose composite film | Acetic acid lignin | Physical adhesion between ester groups (C=O, O-C=O) | Self-adhesion | Highly hydrophobic film with tensile strength of 37.7 MPa | [37] |
Lignin/starch composite film | Lignosulfonate | Hydrogen bonding | Plasticizers and surfactants | Highly standard plasticized film with an elongation at break of 208%, Water content of 13.6% | [41] | |
Lignin/chitosan composite film | Lignin | Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces | Provides phenolic groups and a high density of -OH groups | Recyclable film with adsorption capacity, tensile strength of 41.45 MPa | [47] | |
Lignin/bacterial cellulose composite film | Lignin | Lignin attached to the reticulum of bacterial cellulose and hydrogen bonding | Retard free radical-induced oxidation, enhance mechanical property, and UV-blocking | Stronger interfacially bonded films, tensile strength of 343 MPa | [50] | |
Lignin/synthetic polymer composite film | Lignin/polyolefin composite film | Hardwood lignin modified by esterification-linear low-density polyethylene | Hydrogen bonding and physically bonded interfacial interactions | Enhance mechanical property, thermal stability and antioxidants, UV absorption | Flexible film, elongation at break of 351.33%, opacity of 46.83% | [55] |
Lignin/PVA composite film | Lignin micro/nanoparticles | Hydrogen bonding and polar bonding | Improvement of water absorption and heat resistance of composites | High crystallinity film with tensile strength of 99.4 MPa, resilience of 97.1 MJ/m3 | [57] | |
Lignin/PLA composite film | Lignin in corn stover | Heterogeneous crystallization | Nucleating agent, plasticizer | High toughness film with Young’s modulus of 1589 MPa, tensile strength of 55.1 MPa | [58] | |
Lignin/PBAT composite film | Alkaline soda lignin | Intermolecular hydrogen bonding | Enhance mechanical property, thermal stability, and UV absorption | Films with excellent UV shielding properties, elongation at break of 689%, Young’s modulus of 63 MPa, tensile strength of 30 MPa | [59] | |
Lignin/PHA composite film | Grape seeds lignin | Interfacial adhesion | Antioxidant and nucleating agent | Highly antioxidant film with E-modulus of 827 MPa, tensile strength of 82 MPa | [60] |
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Huang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Yuan, F.; Gao, H.; Li, Q. Lignin-Based Composite Film and Its Application for Agricultural Mulching. Polymers 2024, 16, 2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172488
Huang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yuan F, Gao H, Li Q. Lignin-Based Composite Film and Its Application for Agricultural Mulching. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172488
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Zujian, Yan Zhang, Chenwei Zhang, Fangting Yuan, Hairong Gao, and Qiang Li. 2024. "Lignin-Based Composite Film and Its Application for Agricultural Mulching" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172488