Size Effects in Climatic Aging of Epoxy Basalt Fiber Reinforcement Bar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.3. Climate Aging Test
2.4. Aging Parameter Determination Methods
2.4.1. Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CLTE)
2.4.2. The Glass Transition Temperature ()
2.4.3. Mechanical Parameters (, , )
2.4.4. Moisture Transfer Parameters (, , , )
2.4.5. Kinetics of Absorption–Desorption
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Size Effect in the Deformability of Exposed BFRP Bars
3.2. Size Effect in the Post-Curing of Exposed BFRP Bars
3.3. Size Effect in the Strength of Exposed BFRP Bars
3.4. Size Effect in the Moisture Transfer Parameters of Exposed BFRP Bars
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FRPs | Fiber-reinforced Polymers |
BFRP | basalt fiber reinforcement polymer |
CLTE | coefficient of linear thermal expansion |
glass transition temperature | |
tensile strength | |
compressive strength | |
bending strength | |
moisture equilibrium content | |
radial component of the diffusion coefficient | |
component of the diffusion coefficient along the reinforcement | |
proportion of pseudo-equilibrium in the total equilibrium content of moisture | |
BFRP 6 | basalt fiber reinforcement polymer bar with a nominal diameter 6 mm |
BFRP 8 | basalt fiber reinforcement polymer bar with a nominal diameter 8 mm |
BFRP 10 | basalt fiber reinforcement polymer bar with a nominal diameter 10 mm |
BFRP 16 | basalt fiber reinforcement polymer bar with a nominal diameter 16 mm |
BFRP 20 | basalt fiber reinforcement polymer bar with a nominal diameter 20 mm |
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ED-22 | iso-MTHFA | UP-606/2 | RBN 13-2400-4S | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epoxy group (wt. %) | 21.4 | Main substance (wt.%) | 99.2 | Main substance (wt.%) | 98.4 | Linear density (tex) | 2400 |
Viscosity at 25 °C (Pa·sec) | 16 | Viscosity at 20 °C (sec) | 28 | Density at 25 °C (kg/m)3 | 10 | Breaking load (mN/tex) | 46 |
Appearance | Transparent | Appearance | Transparent | Appearance | yellow | fiber diameter (m) | 13 |
Nominal Bar Diameter 1 (mm) | Central Rod Diameter (mm) | Tension of Polyamide Winding Threads (kg) | Polymerizer Temperature (°C) | Tensile Strength (MPa) 2 | Tensile Modulus (GPa) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 4 | 3 | 125 | 1260 | 53 |
8 | 6 | 4 | 125 | 1220 | 52 |
10 | 8 | 6 | 125 | 1210 | 52 |
16 | 13 | 6 | 130 | 1199 | 51 |
20 | 17 | 8 | 140 | 1190 | 50 |
Impact Factor | Yakutsk | Gelendzhik |
---|---|---|
Relative humidity (%) | 68 | 73 |
Wind speed (m/s) | 1.8 | 3.5 |
Average maximum air temperature (°C) | −3.4 | 24.8 |
Average minimum air temperature (°C) | −14.1 | 5 |
Average air temperature (°C) | −8.8 | 14.8 |
Precipitation rate (mm) | 237 | 665 |
Climate Aging Test | Nominal Bar Diameter (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
unexposed | 6 | 104 ± 1 | 133 ± 1 | 190 ± 1 |
8 | 105 ± 1 | 133 ± 1 | 190 ± 1 | |
10 | 104 ± 1 | 134 ± 1 | 190 ± 1 | |
exposed for 51 month in Yakutsk | 6 | 110 ± 2 | 139 ± 1 | 200 ± 2 |
8 | 107 ± 2 | 137 ± 1 | 200 ± 2 | |
10 | 105 ± 2 | 135 ± 1 | 200 ± 2 | |
exposed for 54 month in Gelendzhik | 6 | 110 ± 2 | 143 ± 1 | 200 ± 2 |
8 | 110 ± 2 | 140 ± 1 | 200 ± 2 | |
10 | 106 ± 2 | 136 ± 1 | 200 ± 2 |
Climate Aging Test | Nominal Bar Diameter (mm) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Bending Strength (MPa) | Compressive Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
unexposed | 6 | 1120 (1.0) 1 | 1209 (1.0) | 410 (1.0) |
8 | 1003 (1.0) | 764 (1.0) | 466 (1.0) | |
10 | - | 624 (1.0) | 432 (1.0) | |
exposed for 28 months in Yakutsk | 6 | 1206 (1.0) | 1087 (0.90) | 428 (1.04) |
8 | 1078 (1.07) | 733 (0.96) | 474 (1.02) | |
10 | - | 639 (1.02) | 452 (1.05) | |
exposed for 51 months in Yakutsk | 6 | 1275 (1.14) | 976 (0.80) | - |
8 | 1080 (1.03) | 666 (0.87) | - | |
10 | - | 695 (1.11) | - | |
exposed for 30 months in Gelendzhik | 6 | - | 1094 (0.90) | 427 (1.04) |
8 | - | 658 (0.86) | 420 (0.90) | |
10 | - | 612 (0.98) | 454 (1.05) | |
exposed for 54 months in Gelendzhik | 6 | 1193 (1.07) | 920 (0.76) | - |
8 | 1029 (1.03) | 730 (0.96) | - | |
10 | - | 677 (1.08) | - |
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Gavrilieva, A.A.; Startsev, O.V.; Lebedev, M.P.; Krotov, A.S.; Kychkin, A.K.; Lukachevskaya, I.G. Size Effects in Climatic Aging of Epoxy Basalt Fiber Reinforcement Bar. Polymers 2024, 16, 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182550
Gavrilieva AA, Startsev OV, Lebedev MP, Krotov AS, Kychkin AK, Lukachevskaya IG. Size Effects in Climatic Aging of Epoxy Basalt Fiber Reinforcement Bar. Polymers. 2024; 16(18):2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182550
Chicago/Turabian StyleGavrilieva, Anna A., Oleg V. Startsev, Mikhail P. Lebedev, Anatoly S. Krotov, Anatoly K. Kychkin, and Irina G. Lukachevskaya. 2024. "Size Effects in Climatic Aging of Epoxy Basalt Fiber Reinforcement Bar" Polymers 16, no. 18: 2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182550