Gelatin–Sodium Alginate Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Squaric Acid and Dialdehyde Starch as a Potential Bio-Ink
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Hydrogel Preparation
2.3. Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4. Thermal Analysis
2.5. Mechanical Properties
2.6. Swelling Ability
2.7. SEM Images
2.8. Biological Research—Cytotoxicity Test
2.9. Viscosity Measurements
2.10. Printability—Preliminary Test
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Results
3.2. Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR Analysis
3.3. Thermal Analysis Results
3.4. Mechanical Properties Test
3.5. Swelling Ability
3.6. SEM Observations
3.7. Biological Research—Cytotoxicity Test Results
3.8. Viscosity
3.9. Printability—Preliminary Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Full Name | Shortcut |
---|---|
Gelatin 6% + Sodium Alginate 1.5% + Calcium Chloride 10% | G6_A1.5_CaCl2 10% |
Gelatin 6% + Sodium Alginate 2% + SQ 1% + Calcium Chloride 5% | G6_A2_SQ1_CaCl2 5% |
Gelatin 6% + Sodium Alginate 2% + DAS 2% + Calcium Chloride 2.5% | G6_A2_DAS2_CaCl2 2.5% |
Gelatin 6% + Sodium Alginate 2% + Calcium Chloride 1% | G6_A2_CaCl2 1% |
Sample | Tensile Strength [kPa] | Elongation at the Breaking Point [%] | Young’s Modulus [kPa] |
---|---|---|---|
G6_A1.5_CaCl2 10% | 53.79 ± 8.03 | 40.71 ± 3.78 | 139.40 ± 12.76 |
G6_A2_CaCl2 10% | 61.49 ± 5.12 | 28.42 ± 3.82 | 274.80 ± 23.98 |
G6_A2_CaCl2 5% | 56.17 ± 11.52 | 91.98 ± 10.33 | 199.12 ± 11.05 |
G6_A2_CaCl2 2.5% | 130.44 ± 17.62 | 74.68 ± 9.95 | 168.95 ± 7.02 |
G6_A2_CaCl2 1% | 80.64 ± 10.02 | 74.99 ± 5.78 | 103.93 ± 5.99 |
Sample | Amide A | Amide B | CH3 | Amide I | Amide II | Amide III | C=O Sym. | C-O C-C | C-C C-O-C | C-O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G6_A2_CaCl2 1% | 3316 | 3090 | 2940 | 1632 | 1553 | 1240 | 1416 | 1084 | 1030 | 945 |
G6_A2_SQ1_CaCl2 1% | 3316 | 3089 | 2940 | 1635 | 1551 | 1240 | 1416 | 1084 | 1030 | 941 |
G6_A2_SQ2_CaCl2 1% | 3317 | 3083 | 2934 | 1636 | 1550 | 1239 | 1417 | 1084 | 1030 | 938 |
G6_A2_DAS1_CaCl2 1% | 3316 | 3090 | 2942 | 1633 | 1552 | 1240 | 1417 | 1083 | 1030 | 938 |
G6_A2_DAS2_CaCl2 1% | 3316 | 3090 | 2941 | 1633 | 1552 | 1240 | 1417 | 1084 | 1030 | 938 |
G6_A2_CaCl2 2.5% | 3316 | 3090 | 2940 | 1632 | 1552 | 1240 | 1417 | 1083 | 1029 | 942 |
G6_A2_SQ1_CaCl2 2.5% | 3317 | 3090 | 2935 | 1633 | 1552 | 1240 | 1417 | 1084 | 1030 | 941 |
G6_A2_SQ2_CaCl2 2.5% | 3317 | 3090 | 2941 | 1633 | 1551 | 1241 | 1417 | 1083 | 1030 | 941 |
G6_A2_DAS1_CaCl2 2.5% | 3317 | 3089 | 2941 | 1644 | 1552 | 1240 | 1417 | 1083 | 1030 | 938 |
G6_A2_DAS2_CaCl2 2.5% | 3317 | 3089 | 2940 | 1644 | 1552 | 1240 | 1417 | 1084 | 1030 | 938 |
Gelatin | 3308 | 3080 | 2940 | 1644 | 1551 | 1239 | 1454 | 1082 | 1032 | 973 |
Sodium alginate | 3358 | - | 2934 | 1600 | - | 1124 | 1412 | 1087 | 1029 | 948 |
Sample | I Stage | II Stage | III Stage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Δm [%] | T [°C] | Δm [%] | T [°C] | Δm [%] | |
G6_A2_CaCl2 1% | 15.77 | 256 | 12.09 | 323 | 45.31 |
G6_A2_SQ1_CaCl2 1% | 14.40 | 256 | 12.99 | 320 | 43.45 |
G6_A2_SQ2_CaCl2 1% | 14.09 | 255 | 13.57 | 330 | 42.79 |
G6_A2_DAS1_CaCl2 1% | 16.08 | 264 | 11.79 | 329 | 46.25 |
G6_A2_DAS2_CaCl2 1% | 14.83 | 261 | 11.52 | 320 | 42.86 |
G6_A2_CaCl2 2.5% | 15.22 | 268 | 11.94 | 336 | 40.74 |
G6_A2_SQ1_CaCl2 2.5% | 16.11 | 271 | 12.20 | 323 | 41.69 |
G6_A2_SQ2_CaCl2 2.5% | 15.33 | 274 | 11.59 | 333 | 40.04 |
G6_A2_DAS1_CaCl2 2.5% | 16.08 | 274 | 11.61 | 229 | 42.01 |
G6_A2_DAS2_CaCl2 2.5% | 15.20 | 264 | 11.31 | 332 | 41.88 |
Sample | Pore Size (µm) | Sample | Pore Size (µm) |
---|---|---|---|
G6_A2_CaCl2 1% | 347.21 ± 49.71 | G6_A2_CaCl2 2.5% | 379.79 ± 38.66 |
G6_A2_SQ1_CaCl2 1% | 428.05 ± 102.28 | G6_A2_SQ1_CaCl2 2.5% | 504.31 ± 218.23 |
G6_A2_SQ2_CaCl2 1% | 477.44 ± 91.20 | G6_A2_SQ2_CaCl2 2.5% | 445.31 ± 120.81 |
G6_A2_DAS1_CaCl2 1% | 235.94 ± 42.76 | G6_A2_DAS1_CaCl2 2.5% | 425.03 ± 58.43 |
G6_A2_DAS2_CaCl2 1% | 330.41 ± 22.68 | G6_A2_DAS2_CaCl2 2.5% | 561.16 ± 109.29 |
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Skopinska-Wisniewska, J.; Tuszynska, M.; Kaźmierski, Ł.; Bartniak, M.; Bajek, A. Gelatin–Sodium Alginate Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Squaric Acid and Dialdehyde Starch as a Potential Bio-Ink. Polymers 2024, 16, 2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182560
Skopinska-Wisniewska J, Tuszynska M, Kaźmierski Ł, Bartniak M, Bajek A. Gelatin–Sodium Alginate Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Squaric Acid and Dialdehyde Starch as a Potential Bio-Ink. Polymers. 2024; 16(18):2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182560
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkopinska-Wisniewska, Joanna, Marta Tuszynska, Łukasz Kaźmierski, Mateusz Bartniak, and Anna Bajek. 2024. "Gelatin–Sodium Alginate Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Squaric Acid and Dialdehyde Starch as a Potential Bio-Ink" Polymers 16, no. 18: 2560. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182560