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Review

Integrative Modeling and Experimental Insights into 3D and 4D Printing Technologies

by
Angel Cabrera Pereira
1,
Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak
2,
Paulo G. Coelho
2,3 and
Lukasz Witek
4,5,6,*,†
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
2
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
3
Division of Plastic Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
4
Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
5
Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
6
Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Current Address: 345 E. 24th St., Room 806, New York, NY 10010, USA.
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2686; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192686
Submission received: 3 August 2024 / Revised: 11 September 2024 / Accepted: 18 September 2024 / Published: 24 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D and 4D Printing of Polymers: Modeling and Experimental Approaches)

Abstract

This review focuses on advancements in polymer science as it relates to three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) printing technologies, with a specific emphasis on applications in the biomedical field. While acknowledging the breadth of 3D and 4D printing applications, this paper concentrates on the use of polymers in creating biomedical devices and the challenges associated with their implementation. It explores integrative modeling and experimental insights driving innovations in these fields, focusing on sustainable manufacturing with biodegradable polymers, a comparative analysis of 3D and 4D printing techniques, and applications in biomedical devices. Additionally, the review examines the materials used in both 3D and 4D printing, offering a detailed comparison of their properties and applications. By highlighting the transformative potential of these technologies in various industrial and medical applications, the paper underscores the importance of continued research and development. The scope of this review also includes an overview of future research directions to address current challenges, enhance material capabilities, and explore practical applications.
Keywords: 3D printing; 4D printing; polymer science; fused deposition modeling; biodegradable polymers; smart materials; additive manufacturing; shape-memory polymers; hydrogels; sustainable manufacturing 3D printing; 4D printing; polymer science; fused deposition modeling; biodegradable polymers; smart materials; additive manufacturing; shape-memory polymers; hydrogels; sustainable manufacturing

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Pereira, A.C.; Nayak, V.V.; Coelho, P.G.; Witek, L. Integrative Modeling and Experimental Insights into 3D and 4D Printing Technologies. Polymers 2024, 16, 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192686

AMA Style

Pereira AC, Nayak VV, Coelho PG, Witek L. Integrative Modeling and Experimental Insights into 3D and 4D Printing Technologies. Polymers. 2024; 16(19):2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192686

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pereira, Angel Cabrera, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Paulo G. Coelho, and Lukasz Witek. 2024. "Integrative Modeling and Experimental Insights into 3D and 4D Printing Technologies" Polymers 16, no. 19: 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192686

APA Style

Pereira, A. C., Nayak, V. V., Coelho, P. G., & Witek, L. (2024). Integrative Modeling and Experimental Insights into 3D and 4D Printing Technologies. Polymers, 16(19), 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192686

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