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Polymers
Volume 16
Issue 22
10.3390/polym16223224
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Article

Influence of Hydroxyapatite and Gelatin Content on Crosslinking Dynamics and HDFn Cell Viability in Alginate Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting

by
Lina Maria Anaya-Sampayo
1,
Nelly S. Roa
1,
Constanza Martínez-Cardozo
2,
Dabeiba Adriana García-Robayo
1,* and
Luis M. Rodríguez-Lorenzo
3,*
1
Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
2
School of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620086, Chile
3
Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute Science and Technology of Polymers (ICTP-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2024, 16(22), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223224
Submission received: 18 October 2024 / Revised: 11 November 2024 / Accepted: 15 November 2024 / Published: 20 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Bio-Based Polymers and Composites for Multipurpose Applications)
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Abstract

This study investigates how varying concentrations of hydroxyapatite (OHAp) and the addition of gelatin influence the ionic crosslinking time of alginate-based bioinks, as well as the shear stress experienced by neonatal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFn) during extrusion. These factors are crucial for validating bioinks and developing viable 3D bioprinted models. Four bioink formulations were created with a 50/50 ratio of alginate to gelatin, incorporating different calcium phosphate concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, and 10%). The bioink compositions were confirmed via Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and rheological analyses evaluated their pseudoplastic behavior, printability limits, and crosslinking times. The results indicated a notable increase in the consistency index (k) from 0.32 for the 0% OHAp formulation to 0.48 for the 10% OHAp formulation, suggesting improved viscoelastic properties. The elastic modulus recovery after crosslinking rose significantly from 245 Pa to 455 Pa. HDFn experienced a shear stress of up to 1.5436 Pa at the tip during extrusion with the HDFn-ALG5-GEL5-OHAp10 bioinks, calculated at a shear rate as low as 2 s−1. Viability assays confirmed over 70% cell viability 24 h post-extrusion and 92% viability after 7 days for the 10% OHAp formulation, highlighting the potential of hydroxyapatite-enhanced bioinks in tissue engineering applications.
Keywords: bioinks; 3D bioprinting; alginate; gelatin; hydroxyapatite; cell viability; shear stress bioinks; 3D bioprinting; alginate; gelatin; hydroxyapatite; cell viability; shear stress
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MDPI and ACS Style

Anaya-Sampayo, L.M.; Roa, N.S.; Martínez-Cardozo, C.; García-Robayo, D.A.; Rodríguez-Lorenzo, L.M. Influence of Hydroxyapatite and Gelatin Content on Crosslinking Dynamics and HDFn Cell Viability in Alginate Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting. Polymers 2024, 16, 3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223224

AMA Style

Anaya-Sampayo LM, Roa NS, Martínez-Cardozo C, García-Robayo DA, Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM. Influence of Hydroxyapatite and Gelatin Content on Crosslinking Dynamics and HDFn Cell Viability in Alginate Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting. Polymers. 2024; 16(22):3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223224

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anaya-Sampayo, Lina Maria, Nelly S. Roa, Constanza Martínez-Cardozo, Dabeiba Adriana García-Robayo, and Luis M. Rodríguez-Lorenzo. 2024. "Influence of Hydroxyapatite and Gelatin Content on Crosslinking Dynamics and HDFn Cell Viability in Alginate Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting" Polymers 16, no. 22: 3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223224

APA Style

Anaya-Sampayo, L. M., Roa, N. S., Martínez-Cardozo, C., García-Robayo, D. A., & Rodríguez-Lorenzo, L. M. (2024). Influence of Hydroxyapatite and Gelatin Content on Crosslinking Dynamics and HDFn Cell Viability in Alginate Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting. Polymers, 16(22), 3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223224

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