Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment: A Focus on Metal Ions Removal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of Cellulose- and Cellulose Derivative-Based Hydrogels
2.1. Structure of Cellulose and Its Derivatives
2.2. Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels
2.3. Chemically Cross-Linked Hydrogels
3. Hydrogels Based on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives for Water Decontamination of Heavy Metals
3.1. Kinetics and Adsorption Isotherms
3.2. Non-Composite Hydrogels
3.3. Composite Hydrogels
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CMC | carboxy methyl cellulose |
–COOH | carboxyl groups |
CCNF | carboxylated cellulose nanofiber |
CM | carboxymethyl group |
CH | chitosan |
CA | citric acid |
EDTA | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid group |
EGDE | glutaraldehyde |
HEC | hydroxyethyl cellulose |
–OH | hydroxyl groups |
MC | methylcellulose |
MCC | microcrystalline cellulose |
CNF | nanofibrillated cellulose |
NOCNF | nitro-oxidized carboxycellulose nanofibers |
PVA | poly(vinyl alcohol) |
TOCNF | TEMPO-oxidized negatively charged (unidimensional) cellulose nanofiber |
XRD | X-ray diffraction |
TEMED | N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine |
MBA | N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide |
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Model | Equation | Significance | Adsorbent | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-First-Order | dqt/dt = k1 (qe − qt) (dqt/dt) represents the rate of change in the quantity of adsorbate with respect to time. (k1) is the pseudo-first-order rate constant. (qe) is the equilibrium adsorption capacity (the maximum amount of ions that can be adsorbed by the adsorbent). (qt) represents the amount of ions adsorbed at a specific time (t). | It is applicable in the initial phase before reaching the equilibrium absorption capacity. | M. speciose cellulose (MSCC)/chitosan cellulose fiber was extracted from pineapple leaves and modified with CM. | [92] [93] |
Pseudo-Second-Order | dqt/dt = k2 (qe − qt)2 (dqt/dt) represents the rate of change in the quantity of adsorbate with respect to time. (k2) is the pseudo-second-order rate constant. (qe) is the equilibrium adsorption capacity (the maximum amount of ions that can be adsorbed by the adsorbent). (qt) represents the amount of ions adsorbed at a specific time (t). | Chemical adsorption represents the rate-limiting step, involving valence forces for chemical coordination through the sharing or exchange of electrons between the adsorbent and heavy metals (ion exchange). The occupancy rate of adsorption sites is proportional to the square of the number of unoccupied sites. | cellulose fiber was extracted from pineapple leaves and modified with EDTA. CMC/PAM CMC-based bead-like | [93] [94] [95] |
Model | Equation | Significance | Adsorbent | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | qe = (qmax KL Ce)/1 + (KL Ce) (qe): amount of adsorbed metal ions per unit mass of adsorbent at equilibrium. (Ce): metal ion concentration in solution at equilibrium. (KL): Langmuir binding constant. (qmax): maximum amount of metal adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent. | Describes monolayer chemical adsorption on a homogeneous surface. | CMC Thiol-modified cellulose sponges. | [96] [97] |
Freundlich | qe = KF (Ce)1/n (qe): amount of adsorbed metal ions per unit mass of adsorbent at equilibrium. (Ce): metal ion concentration in solution at equilibrium. (KF): Freundlich isotherm constant related to adsorption capacity. (n): constant related to adsorption intensity. | Describes multilayer physical adsorption on a non-uniform surface. | CMC-based bead-like | [95] |
qe = (RT/bT) ln(KTCe) | ||||
Temkin | (qe): amount of adsorbed metal ions per unit weignt of adsorbent at equilibrium. (Ce): metal ion concentration in solution at equilibrium. (KT): Temkin isotherm equilibrium binding constant corresponding to the maximum binding energy. (bT): Temkin isotherm constant. (R): universal gas constant. (T): absolute temperature (°K). | Describes the indirect interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate and shows a linear decrease in heat of adsorption with increasing surface coverage of the adsorbent. | Cellulose grafted with the vinyl glycidyl methacrylate monomer. | [98] |
Cellulose or Cellulose Derivative | Additional Polymer | Other Components or Modifications | Adsorption Capacity | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-composite hydrogels | CMC | ― | epichlorohydrin as cross-linking agent | Cu2+: 6.49 mmol/g Pb2+: 5.15 mmol/g Ni2+: 4.06 mmol/g | [96] |
CMC | ― | aluminum nitrate as cross-linking agent | Pb2+: 550 mg/g Ni2+: 620 mg/g Co2+: 760 mg/g | [95] | |
Cellulose from bamboo fibers | ― | titanate nanotubes | Cu2+: 176.4 mg/g Pb2+: 613.5 mg/g Sr2+: 113.3 mg/g Fe2+: 158.2 mg/g Cd2+: 294.6 mg/g Zn2+: 187.8 mg/g Cr3+: 97.8 mg/g | [99] | |
Cellulose fiber from pineapple leaves | ― | modification with carboxymethyl group (CM) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) group to produce Cell-CM and Cell-EDTA, respectively | For Cell-CM Pb2+: 63.4mg/g Cd2+: 23 mg/g For Cell-EDTA Pb2+: 41.2mg/g Cd2+: 33.2 mg/g | [93] | |
HEC | ― | EDTA dianhydride (EDTAD) as cross-linking agent | Pb2+: 405.37 mg/g Cu2+: 265.47 mg/g Cd2+: 203.36 mg/g Zn2+: 108.36 mg/g | [49] | |
Ginger fibers | ― | citric acid (C6H8O7) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) | Cu2+: 45.053 mg/g | [103] | |
Jute | ― | sodium nitrite and nitric acid | Pb2+: 2270 mg/g | [104] | |
Composite hydrogels | CMC and microcrystalline cellulose | Xilan | ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as a crosslinking agent | Cd2+: 61.44 mg/g Ni2+: 55.85 mg/g | [111] |
CMC | Polyacrylic acid | montmorillonite | |||
Pb2+: 146.19 mg/g Zn2+: 286.67 mg/g | [112] | ||||
CMC | PVA | ― | Ag+: 8.4 mg/g | [57] | |
Degreasing cotton | Chitosan | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) | Pb2+: 1105.78 mg/g Cu2+: 678.04 mg/g | [113] | |
Cellulose | Chitosan | glutaraldehyde (EGDE) as crosslinking agent | Hg2+: 495 mg/g | [114] | |
TEMPO-oxidized negatively charged (unidimensional) cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs) | Partially deacetylated chitin nanofibers | ― | As(III) ion: 217 mg/g | [116] | |
TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose | Carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium alginate | Ca2+ as cross-linking agent | Pb2+: 472.59 mg/g Cu2+: 169.94 mg/g | [117] | |
Microcrystalline cellulose | Chitosan, polydopamine (PDA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI) | ― | Cu2+: 434.8 mg/g Zn2+: 277.7 mg/g Ni2+ 261.8 mg/g | [118] | |
Cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) | Chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid) | MBA as cross-linking agent and TEMED as catalyst | Pb2+: 818.4 mg/g Cu2+: 325.5 mg/g | [120] |
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Persano, F.; Malitesta, C.; Mazzotta, E. Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment: A Focus on Metal Ions Removal. Polymers 2024, 16, 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091292
Persano F, Malitesta C, Mazzotta E. Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment: A Focus on Metal Ions Removal. Polymers. 2024; 16(9):1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091292
Chicago/Turabian StylePersano, Francesca, Cosimino Malitesta, and Elisabetta Mazzotta. 2024. "Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment: A Focus on Metal Ions Removal" Polymers 16, no. 9: 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091292