Smart Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronic Devices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Individual Sensors
2.1. Physical Sensors
2.1.1. Temperature Sensors
2.1.2. Pressure Sensors
2.1.3. Strain Sensors
2.2. Chemical Sensors
2.2.1. Gas Sensors
2.2.2. Ion Sensors
2.2.3. Biosensors
3. Multiplexed Sensors
4. Wireless Sensors
4.1. Resonance Antenna Integrated Sensors
4.2. Bluetooth Integrated Sensors
4.3. Near Field Communication (NFC) Integrated Sensors
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor Type | Sensing Element | Substrate | Electrode | Active Material | Working Voltage | Sensing Range | Sensitivity | Flexibility | Stretchability | Reliability | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Human hand temperature | PDMS or thin PVA | Au | Au | 0.6 V | 20~150 °C | 1.9 Ohm K−1 | - | 100% | - | [42] |
Temperature | Temperature | PDMS | AgNW | Graphene | 10 V | 30~100 °C | Nonlinear resistance response | - | 50% | 100 | [31] |
Temperature | Endothelial layer | Polyester fabric strip coated with PDMS | Au | Platinum (Pt) | 0.8 V | 0~120 °C | 2.7 Ohm K−1 | 0.01% | - | - | [54] |
pressure | Intraocular pressure (IOP) | Parylene | graphene-AgNW | ecoflex (capacitive-type) | - | 5~150 mmHg | - | Bending radius: 3.1 μm | 25% | 10,000 cycles with 25% strain | [32] |
Pressure | Cutaneous pressure | Ecoflex | Au | Lead zirconate titanate (PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3, PZT) | VG: 3.5 V VD: 0.1 V | 0.005~10 Pa | 1.36 μA Pa−1 | 14.8 mm bending radius | 30% | 1000 | [3] |
Pressure | Touch | PET or Polyurethane | Conductive carbon fabric | CNT/PDMS porous | 0.1 V | 0.25~100 kPa | - | 30 mm bending radius | 30% | 10 | [39] |
Pressure | Artery wrist pulse or acoustic vibrations | PDMS | Au | Au NWs | 1.5 V | 13 Pa~50 kPa | 1.14 kPa−1 | 30 mm bending radius | 25% | 50,000 | [36] |
Pressure | Pressure | PDMS and Epoxy (SU8) | Au or AgNW/graphene | Graphene | VG: 25 V VD: 0.1 V | 250 Pa~3 Mpa | 2.05 × 10−4 kPa−1 (below 500 kPa), 9.43 × 10−6 kPa−1 (above 500 kPa) | - | - | 1000 | [33] |
Strain | Facial expressions | PDMS | Polyurethane-PEDOT:PSS | Single-walled carbon nanotubes | 1 V | 1.6~3.6%, 10~100% | 62 (ΔR/R)/ε | 3.60% | 100% | Minimum 50 cycles for bending, 1000 cycles for stretching | [34] |
Strain | Heartbeats | PDMS | Graphene woven fabrics | Graphene woven fabrics | 1 V | under 0.2~30% | 1000 (ΔR/R)/ε | - | 30% | - | [86] |
Strain | Stretch and pressure | PDMS | Eutectic Gallium Indium | Single-walled carbon nanotubes-Ecoflex | - | ~150% | 0.004 (ΔC/C)/ε | - | 150% | - | [69] |
Strain | Joint movement (bending) | Silicon elastomer (Dragonskin 10 + Thi-Vex silicon thickener + Slo-jo platinum silicon cure retarder) | Silver wire | Ionic fluid - silicon elastomer | AC 5 V, 50~200 Hz | ~700% | 0.348 (ΔC/C)/ε | - | 700% | minimum 20 cycles for stretching | [92] |
Strain | Bending | PDMS coated Polystyrene | Silver paste | ZnSnO3 nanowires | 1.2 V | ~0.33% | 3740 (ΔI/I)/ε | 0.33% | No stretchability | - | [95] |
Strain | Lymphedema | Silicon rubber (Solaris) | Cu | Cu-PI (capacitive-type) | - | 0~30% | - | - | 30% | - | [160] |
Strain | Strain | PET textile | Carbon nanotube/reduced Graphene oxide | ZnO Nanowire | - | Sensor limits of bacterium/μL | - | 3~5% | - | 100 bending cycles | [83] |
Gas | O2 (oxygen) | Porous PTFE (porous polytetrafluoroethylene) | Au | High-purity 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoro-methylsulfonyl)imide | −1.4V | 0~21% | 0.48 uA/% | Can be bent either convex or concave | - | - | [117] |
Gas | NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) | PES (polyethersulfone) | Cr/Au | Graphene | 30 V | 0.5 to 40 ppm | ∆R/R0 = −40% (at 40 ppm N2) | ∆R/R0 = 5% under a bending strain of 1.4% | - | - | [37] |
Gas | NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) | Paper | Au | NaNO2 treated PbS CQD | 4.1 V | 0.5 to 50 ppm | 0.41/ppm | Bending angle of 70° | - | 7% decrease in response under 5000 cyclic bending tests (Bending angle of 50°) | [114] |
Gas | Volatile compouds (ammonia, acetic acid) | Plastic substrate | Cr/Au | Polypyrrole (Ppy) (functionalized by carboxyl group) | −0.1~0.1 V | 0.1~100 ppm | - | Bending angle: 15° | - | - | [163] |
Gas | Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) | PI or PDMS or parylene | Graphene-AgNW | Graphene (functionalized by polypyrrole (Ppy)) | 0.1 V | 5~25 ppm | - | - | 20% | 1000 cycles with 5% strain | [18] |
Gas | H2S, C2H5OH, H2 | PI | Ti/Au | Graphene oxide | - | Graphene limits of bacterium/μL | Toluene, Acetone, CO Ethanol at 20 PPM, Acetone at 20 ppm, H2S, H2 at 5–20 ppm | A 30° bending angle | - | 104 bending cycles | [175] |
Bio | Protein (Concanavalin A, Con A) | PET or PDMS or parylene | Graphene-AgNW | Graphene (functionalized by mannosyl-pyrene) | 0.1 V | 1 mg/mL | - | Bending radius: 27 μm (bending strain: 2.59%) | 20% | - | [12] |
Bio | Bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus, H. pylori) | Silk fibroin film | Cr/Au | graphene (functionalized by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)) | - | Detection limits of bacterium/μL | 100~108 CFU/mL | - | - | - | [159] |
Bio | Lactate | Temporary transfer tatto paper, GORETEX | Ag/AgCl, conductive carbon | lactate oxidase(LOx) | 0.05 V | 1 mM to 25 mM | 644.2 nA/mM at RT, 0.916 μA/mM at 37 °C | Bending angle of 90° | stretched at ~10% | The bending/stretching test: 10 times | [136] |
Bio | D-glucose | Polyimide film (2 μm) | Cr/Au | In2O3, glucose oxidase | 0.2~0.8 V | 100 μM to 4 mM | - | Bending radius of 837 (0.078~0.082%) | - | - | [40] |
Bio | Glucose | PDMS, Polyimide, Parylene | Graphene/AgNW | Graphene, glucose oxidase | 0.1 V | 1 μM~10 mM | - | - | ∆R < 6% at 25% tensile strain (5000 cycles) | ∆R ~20% at 10,000 cycles of stretching | [32] |
Bio | Glucose, Lactate | PDMS | - | Enzyme and chromogenic reagent | - | Glucose: 0~25 mM Lactage: 0~100 mM | - | 5 cm bending radius | Strain 30% | - | [177] |
Bio | Salivary Uric acid | PET | Ag/AgCl | Prussian-blue-graphite | - | Mouthguard limits of bacterium/μL | 2.45 μA/mM | - | - | - | [29] |
Ion | Chloride, H+ | PDMS | - | Enzyme and chromogenic reagent | - | Chloride: 0~625 μM pH: 5.0~8.5 | - | 5 cm bending radius | Strain 30% | - | [177] |
Ion | Na+, K+ | Textile | Ecoflex-containing Ag/AgCl ink, MWCNT | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (functionalized by carboxylic acid) | - | Physiological range of human sweat (10~110 × 10−3 M NaCl, 1~8 × 10−3 M KCl) | 54.1 ± 1.5 mV/log [Na+], 56.9 ± 1.6 mV/log [K+] | Bending angle of 180° | 100 % (uniaxial stretching) | No sensitivity degradation at linear strain of 75% during 60 min at a speed of 1 mm/s | [122] |
Ion | Na+, K+ | PET (polyethylene terephthalate) | Cr/Au, Ag/AgCl | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes | 3.7 V | 1 mM KCl and 10 mM NaCl (working condition) | 62.5 mV/log [Na+], 59.5 mV/log [K+] | Radius of curvature 1.5 cm | - | No sensitivity degradation by bending radius of 1.5 cm over 60 cycles | [38] |
Ion | H+ | Poly (methylmethacrylate) | Graphite | Graphene | −0.4~0.4 V | pH 5~8 | 17 mV/pH | Radius of curvature: 1.2 cm | 0.04 | No significant change in the electrical response (mobility values remained constant) as a result of bending to radii of curvature as small as 0.7 cm (estimated bending-induced strain: 0.6%) | [126] |
Ion | Ca2+, H+ | PET (polyethylene terephthalate) | Ag/AgCl reference electrode | Polyaniline (PANI) | - | Typical physiological [Ca2+] variations (e.g., 1 mM to 0.5 mM), pH 4~7 | 32.7 mV/log [Ca2+], 62.5 mV/pH | - | - | - | [127] |
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An, B.W.; Shin, J.H.; Kim, S.-Y.; Kim, J.; Ji, S.; Park, J.; Lee, Y.; Jang, J.; Park, Y.-G.; Cho, E.; et al. Smart Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronic Devices. Polymers 2017, 9, 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080303
An BW, Shin JH, Kim S-Y, Kim J, Ji S, Park J, Lee Y, Jang J, Park Y-G, Cho E, et al. Smart Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronic Devices. Polymers. 2017; 9(8):303. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080303
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Byeong Wan, Jung Hwal Shin, So-Yun Kim, Joohee Kim, Sangyoon Ji, Jihun Park, Youngjin Lee, Jiuk Jang, Young-Geun Park, Eunjin Cho, and et al. 2017. "Smart Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronic Devices" Polymers 9, no. 8: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080303
APA StyleAn, B. W., Shin, J. H., Kim, S. -Y., Kim, J., Ji, S., Park, J., Lee, Y., Jang, J., Park, Y. -G., Cho, E., Jo, S., & Park, J. -U. (2017). Smart Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronic Devices. Polymers, 9(8), 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080303