Growth Response of Cassava to Deficit Irrigation and Potassium Fertigation during the Early Growth Phase
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Potassium Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Parameters
3.2. Growth Parameters
3.3. Correlation of Physiological and Growth Traits
3.4. Potassium Content
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Leaf Turgor (MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 DAP | 45 DAP | 60 DAP | 75 DAP | 90 DAP | ||
Irrigation | 30% | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.29 a | 0.18 a | 0.11 a |
60% | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.37 b | 0.36 b | 0.30 b | |
100% | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.50 c | 0.51 c | 0.55 c | |
S.E.M (df = 3–15) | 0.017 | 0.036 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 0.038 | |
Potassium | 0.01 mM | 0.47 | 0.4 | 0.29 | 0.25 a | 0.10 a |
1 mM | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.30 ab | 0.24 b | |
4 mM | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.34 b | 0.32 c | |
16 mM | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.43 c | 0.45 d | |
32 mM | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.46 c | 0.49 d | |
S.E.M (df = 3–15) | 0.022 | 0.046 | 0.05 | 0.044 | 0.05 | |
p-value (<0.05) | I | 0.738 | 0.134 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
K | 0.964 | 0.710 | 0.068 | 0.004 | <0.001 | |
I × K | 0.896 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 0.288 |
Treatment | Plant Leaf Area (m2) | Dry Mass (g) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Shoot | Roots | Whole-Plant | |||
Irrigation | Potassium | |||||
30% | 0.01 mM | 0.37 a | 16.9 a | 13.6 a | 11.0 a | 41.4 a |
1 mM | 0.38 a | 20.0 ab | 24.6 bcd | 13.5 ab | 58.1 b | |
4 mM | 0.44 ab | 20.6 ab | 24.4 bcd | 17.7 bc | 62.7 b | |
16 mM | 0.57 d | 29.7 c | 29.4 cde | 25.5 d | 84.6 c | |
32 mM | 0.48 bc | 20.6 ab | 27.7 bcd | 27.5 d | 75.8 c | |
60% | 0.01 mM | 0.38 a | 23.3 b | 19.0 ab | 22.8 d | 65.0 b |
1 mM | 0.48 b | 33.6 cd | 33.3 de | 26.8 d | 93.6 d | |
4 mM | 0.59 d | 33.7 cd | 33.0 de | 34.7 e | 101.4 de | |
16 mM | 0.63 de | 39.9 e | 37.5 ef | 46.8 gh | 124.2 h | |
32 mM | 0.62 de | 33.6 de | 33.6 de | 41.3 fg | 108.6 ef | |
100% | 0.01 mM | 0.42 ab | 34.8 d | 20.8 abc | 24.7 d | 80.3 c |
1 mM | 0.56 cd | 32.1 cd | 44.5 fg | 38.5 ef | 115.2 fg | |
4 mM | 0.62 de | 35.3 d | 47.2 g | 39.1 ef | 121.6 gh | |
16 mM | 0.68 e | 40.5 d | 44.8 fg | 55.0 i | 140.3 i | |
32 mM | 0.68 e | 40.2 d | 50.9 g | 51.8 hi | 142.9 i | |
S.E.M (df = 3–15) | 0.016 | 0.86 | 1.92 | 1.12 | 1.82 | |
p-value (<0.05) | I | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
K | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
I × K | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
LDM | RDM | WPD | TBN | LA | PLH | Chl | LT | PN | gs | Ψw | Ψs | Ψp | WUS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDM | 1 | |||||||||||||
RDM | 0.826 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
WPD | 0.875 ** | 0.951 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
TBN | 0.719 ** | 0.825 ** | 0.834 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
LA | 0.736 ** | 0.832 ** | 0.887 ** | 0.743 ** | 1 | |||||||||
PLH | 0.792 ** | 0.897 ** | 0.911 ** | 0.812 ** | 0.823 ** | 1 | ||||||||
Chl | 0.857 ** | 0.928 ** | 0.936 ** | 0.777 ** | 0.832 ** | 0.930 ** | 1 | |||||||
LT | −0.807 ** | −0.870 ** | −0.894 ** | −0.809 ** | −0.772 ** | −0.869 ** | -0.889 ** | 1 | ||||||
PN | 0.838 ** | 0.915 ** | 0.933 ** | 0.823 ** | 0.835 ** | 0.928 ** | 0.939 ** | −0.912 ** | 1 | |||||
gs | 0.881 ** | 0.906 ** | 0.940 ** | 0.781 ** | 0.786 ** | 0.892 ** | 0.951 ** | −0.923 ** | 0.939 ** | 1 | ||||
Ψw | 0.825 ** | 0.896 ** | 0.915 ** | 0.759 ** | 0.819 ** | 0.890 ** | 0.953 ** | −0.898 ** | 0.941 ** | 0.956 ** | 1 | |||
Ψs | 0.802 ** | 0.869 ** | 0.886 ** | 0.725 ** | 0.792 ** | 0.865 ** | 0.929 ** | −0.880 ** | 0.921 ** | 0.936 ** | 0.975 ** | 1 | ||
Ψp | 0.682 ** | 0.746 ** | 0.763 ** | 0.662 ** | 0.690 ** | 0.737 ** | 0.781 ** | −0.725 ** | 0.763 ** | 0.773 ** | 0.820 ** | 0.671 ** | 1 | |
WUS | 0.831 ** | 0.935 ** | 0.933 ** | 0.775 ** | 0.864 ** | 0.931 ** | 0.964 ** | −0.868 ** | 0.931 ** | 0.923 ** | 0.946 ** | 0.928 ** | 0.761 ** | 1 |
Treatment | K Content (g kg−1 Dry Matter) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Roots | ||
Irrigation | 30% | 12.6 a | 9.9 |
60% | 14.6 b | 10.5 | |
100% | 14.7 b | 11.5 | |
S.E.M (df = 3–15) | 0.89 | 0.73 | |
p–value (<0.05) | 0.01 | 0.061 | |
Potassium | 0.01 mM | 11.1 a | 3.6 a |
1 mM | 12.2 a | 10.0 b | |
4 mM | 14.5 ab | 11.3 b | |
16 mM | 14.8 ab | 13.7 c | |
32 mM | 17.4 b | 14.7 c | |
S.E.M (df = 3–15) | 1.08 | 0.49 | |
p–value (<0.05) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Wasonga, D.O.; Kleemola, J.; Alakukku, L.; Mäkelä, P.S.A. Growth Response of Cassava to Deficit Irrigation and Potassium Fertigation during the Early Growth Phase. Agronomy 2020, 10, 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030321
Wasonga DO, Kleemola J, Alakukku L, Mäkelä PSA. Growth Response of Cassava to Deficit Irrigation and Potassium Fertigation during the Early Growth Phase. Agronomy. 2020; 10(3):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030321
Chicago/Turabian StyleWasonga, Daniel O., Jouko Kleemola, Laura Alakukku, and Pirjo S.A. Mäkelä. 2020. "Growth Response of Cassava to Deficit Irrigation and Potassium Fertigation during the Early Growth Phase" Agronomy 10, no. 3: 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030321