Biodiversity in the Rhizosphere of Selected Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars—Genetic and Catabolic Fingerprinting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Sampling and Site Description
2.2. Soil Chemical Properties
2.3. Isolation of DNA and Next Generation Sequencing
2.4. Community Level Physiological Profiling (CLPP) Analysis Using Biolog EcoPlates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Properties of Rhizospheric Soils
3.2. Biodiversity in the T. aestivum Rhizosphere—Taxonomic Phylum and Classes Level
3.3. Biodiversity in the T. aestivum Rhizosphere—Taxonomic Genus Level
3.4. Beta-Diversity in the T. aestivum Rhizosphere—Taxonomic Species Level
3.5. Catabolic Activity in the Rhizosphere of Four Selected T. aestivum Cultivars—Community Level Physiological Profiling (CLPP)
3.6. Correlations between Chemical Factors and Dominant Bacterial Phyla Identified in Rhizospheres of Four Wheat Cultivars
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Soil before Seeding of Cultivars | pH (H2O) | Eh (mV) | TOC (%) | NH4-N | NO3-N | NO2-N | P-OLSEN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/kg | |||||||
Hondia | 5.20 a | 341.24 a | 1.09 a | 1.11 a | 4.06 a | 0.11 a | 3.98 a |
Nordkap | 6.27 b | 381.88 b | 0.74 b | 0.69 b | 3.07 b | 0.09 a | 3.79 a |
Rotax | 7.36 c | 347.16 a | 0.76 b | 1.59 c | 4.83 c | 0.26 b | 5.11 b |
Tytanika | 6.19 b | 399.40 c | 0.60 c | 0.45 d | 4.71 c | 0.08 a | 5.38 b |
Rhizospheric Soil of Cultivars | Total Reads | Reads Passing Quality Filtering | Remaining Paired-End Assembled Reads | Remaining Filtered Sequences |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hondia | 145,364 | 128,179 | 102,543 | 87,161 |
Nordkap | 245,115 | 213,263 | 168,011 | 123,153 |
Rotax | 247,580 | 215,385 | 169,774 | 123,304 |
Tytanika | 237,454 | 211,244 | 166,944 | 117,293 |
TOTAL | 875,513 | 768,044 | 607,272 | 450,911 |
Variables | PC1 (69.05%) | PC2 (19.68%) |
Amines and Amides | −0.590 | −0.169 |
Aminoacids | −0.839 | −0.051 |
Carboxylic and acetic acids | −0.959 | 0.275 |
Hydrocarbons | 0.876 | −0.215 |
Polymers | 0.489 | −0.782 |
AWCD | −0.736 | −0.636 |
Shannon-Wiener | 0.921 | −0.262 |
Evenness | −0.626 | −0.729 |
Tytanika | −2.956 | −0.962 |
Rotax | 2.637 | 0.174 |
Hondia | −1.045 | 1.817 |
Nordkap | 1.364 | −1.029 |
Richness | 0.940 | −0.056 |
Variables | PC1 (44.69%) | PC2 (27.89%) |
beta-Methyl-D-Glucoside | 0.209 | 0.872 |
D-Galactonic Acid gamma-Lactone | −0.199 | −0.742 |
L-Arginine | −0.900 | 0.113 |
Pyruvic Acid Methyl Ester | −0.894 | 0.199 |
D-Xylose | 0.601 | −0.141 |
D-Galacturonic Acid | −0.905 | −0.301 |
L-Asparagine | −0.884 | 0.041 |
Tween 40 | −0.066 | 0.141 |
i-Erythritol | 0.771 | 0.545 |
2-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid | 0.173 | −0.687 |
L-Phenylalanine | 0.956 | 0.148 |
Tween 80 | −0.185 | 0.883 |
D-Mannitol | −0.685 | 0.727 |
4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid | −0.810 | 0.142 |
L-Serine | −0.585 | 0.563 |
Alpha-Cyclodextrin | 0.425 | −0.332 |
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine | −0.188 | −0.975 |
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid | 0.039 | 0.713 |
L-Threonine | 0.245 | −0.772 |
Glycogen | 0.239 | −0.753 |
D-Glucosaminic Acid | 0.181 | −0.961 |
Itaconic Acid | 0.815 | 0.577 |
Glycyl-L-Glutamic Acid | −0.288 | 0.177 |
D-Cellobiose | 0.966 | 0.157 |
Glucose-1-Phosphate | 0.858 | 0.348 |
Alpha-Ketobutyric Acid | 0.827 | 0.520 |
Phenylethylamine | −0.989 | −0.141 |
Alpha-D-Lactose | 0.782 | −0.141 |
D,L-alpha-Glycerol Phosphate | −0.844 | −0.167 |
D-Malic Acid | −0.772 | 0.208 |
Putrescine | −0.890 | 0.412 |
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T. aestivum Cultivar | pH (H2O) | Eh (mV) | TOC (%) | NH4-N | NO3-N | NO2-N | P-OLSEN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/kg | |||||||
Hondia | 3.87 a | 348.73 a | 1.13 a | 1.16 a | 4.01 a | 0.11 a | 4.07 a |
Nordkap | 6.67 b | 389.60 b | 0.79 b | 0.73 b | 3.11 b | 0.10 a | 3.75 a |
Rotax | 7.23 c | 350.86 a | 0.71 b | 1.64 c | 4.79 c | 0.24 b | 5.15 b |
Tytanika | 6.48 b | 403.30 c | 0.64 c | 0.49 d | 4.73 c | 0.09 a | 5.49 b |
Genera | Triticum aestivum L. Cultivars | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hondia | Nordkap | Rotax | Tytanika | |
Aquicella | + | − | − | − |
Caldithrix | − | + | − | + |
Cellvibrio | − | − | + | − |
Chitinophaga | + | − | − | − |
Chondromyces | − | + | + | + |
Cuthoniobacter | − | + | + | + |
Desulfovibrio | − | + | − | − |
Edaphobacter | + | − | − | + |
Flavobacterium | − | − | + | − |
Gemmatimonas | − | − | − | + |
Janthinobacterium | − | − | + | − |
Kaistobacter | − | − | + | − |
Legionella | + | − | − | − |
Nitrosospira | + | − | − | − |
Pedobacter | − | − | + | − |
Pedosphaera | − | + | − | − |
Rhodoplanes | − | − | − | + |
Saccharopolyspora | − | − | − | + |
Segetibacter | + | − | − | − |
Vogesella | + | + | + | + |
Cultivar | Average Well Color Development (AWCD) | Shannon-Wiener (H’) | Evenness (E) | Richness (R) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tytanika | 1.300 a ± 0.034 | 3.233 b ± 0.015 | 0.984 a ± 0.006 | 26.67 b ± 0.577 |
Rotax | 1.267 a ± 0.111 | 3.287 a ± 0.020 | 0.979 b ± 0.005 | 28.87 a ± 0.177 |
Hondia | 1.266 a ± 0.080 | 3.247 b ± 0.036 | 0.978 b ± 0.007 | 27.67 b ± 0.007 |
Nordkap | 1.270 a ± 0.128 | 3.300 a ± 0.042 | 0.980 a ± 0.008 | 29.00 a ± 0.126 |
Factor | Proteobacteria | Bacteroidetes | Firmicutes | Actinobacteria | Acidobacteria | Verrucomicrobia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 0.602 * | −0.574 * | −0.400 | 0.614 * | −0.853 *** | 0.915 *** |
Eh | −0.378 | −0.977 *** | 0.659 ** | 0.332 | 0.120 | 0.199 |
TOC | −0.252 | 0.720 ** | 0.166 | −0.806 ** | 0.663 * | −0.687 * |
NH4-N | 0.692 * | 0.800 ** | −0.912 *** | −0.061 | −0.536 | 0.208 |
NO3-N | −0.099 | 0.173 | −0.445 | 0.839 *** | −0.362 | −0.116 |
NO2-N | 0.729 ** | 0.613 * | −0.947 *** | 0.176 | −0.699 * | 0.366 |
P-Olsen | −0.093 | −0.177 | −0.317 | 0.975 *** | −0.449 | 0.091 |
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Wolińska, A.; Kuźniar, A.; Gałązka, A. Biodiversity in the Rhizosphere of Selected Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars—Genetic and Catabolic Fingerprinting. Agronomy 2020, 10, 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070953
Wolińska A, Kuźniar A, Gałązka A. Biodiversity in the Rhizosphere of Selected Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars—Genetic and Catabolic Fingerprinting. Agronomy. 2020; 10(7):953. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070953
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolińska, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Kuźniar, and Anna Gałązka. 2020. "Biodiversity in the Rhizosphere of Selected Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars—Genetic and Catabolic Fingerprinting" Agronomy 10, no. 7: 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070953