Enhancing the Sustainability of Temperate Pasture Systems through More Diverse Swards
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Background
2. Characteristics of Temperate Grazing Systems
2.1. Grass–Legume Systems
2.2. Environmental Policy
3. Multispecies Swards
3.1. Herbage Accumulation from Multispecies Swards
3.2. Nutritive Value and Forage Quality
3.3. Internal Parasite Load
3.4. Weed Management
4. Challenges Related with Multispecies Sward Management
4.1. Fodder Quality
4.2. Plant–Animal Interactions
4.3. Forage Forb Persistence
5. Other Considerations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Location | Treatments and Approach | Outcome and Considerations | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ireland | Cutting vs. grazing 5 different sward types consisting of grass, grass–legume, 6 or 9 multispecies swards. | Multispecies swards had lesser herbage accumulation under grazing vs. cutting. Herbage accumulation of grass monocultures was not affected by defoliation method. Legume and forb proportion were reduced under cattle grazing. | [23] |
Ireland | Sheep grazing 4 different sward types consisting of grass, grass–legume, 6 or 9 multispecies swards. | Multispecies pastures had similar herbage production as N-fertilized grass. Reduced proportions of legume and forbs over time. Challenge of sustaining forb proportion in the sward. Lambs had greater average daily gains and body condition score and reduced fecal egg counts, when grazing multispecies swards compared to perennial ryegrass monoculture. | [11,61] |
Ireland | Ensilability of binary (grass–legume) and multispecies swards utilized was compared to grass monocultures utilizing laboratory silos. | Binary grass–clover and multispecies swards had a greater requirement for adequate field wilting or preservative application, compared to perennial ryegrass monocultures. | [62] |
France | Lactating dairy cows grazing simple to complex multispecies pastures. | Greater DM intake and milk production from multispecies swards. | [63] |
New Zealand | Lactating dairy cows grazing binary or multispecies pastures. | Legume proportion in sward affected milk production more than number of species. Multispecies pastures reduced N losses without compromising milk yield. | [64] |
New Zealand | Authors assessed how the grazing behavior of dairy cows was affected by dietary proportions of chicory or plantain fed as monocultures for part of the day. | Rumination time was reduced by up to 90 min when chicory and plantain composed 60% of the diet. Cows grazing chicory and plantain exhibited greater mastication during ingestion and reduced their rumination time and chewing. Cows consumed 20% less chicory compared with plantain. | [65] |
USA | Lactating dairy cows grazing binary grass–legume, or 3, 6, or 9 multispecies swards. | Intake was similar across treatments; no effect on milk production. Greater conjugated linoleic acid in milk from multispecies swards. Multispecies swards did not affect cow performance. | [66] |
USA | Authors evaluated three seeding methods of re-establishing chicory in multispecies pastures. Seeding methods included frost seeding in winter, no-till seeding in early spring, and broadcast seeding in late spring. | The three seeding methods did not differ from each other, and all resulted in the adequate re-establishment of chicory. In all instances, however, persistence was poor after the first year, with mortality rates of 77–84% by the fall of the seeding year. Greater suppression of existing vegetation and greater seeding rates are required for successful reestablishing chicory. | [67] |
USA | Forage production of grazed pastures consisting of grass–legume mixture or 9-species multispecies pastures | Across 9 y, multispecies pastures produced 31% more herbage. Multispecies swards had greater soil C accumulation than binary mixes. | [68] |
USA | Grazed pastures consisting of four mixtures (2, 3, 6, and 9 species) of multispecies swards, all containing chicory. | Multispecies pastures containing chicory (3, 6, and 9 species swards) had greater herbage accumulation rates than binary grass–legume swards. | [69] |
Forbs | Grasses | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Element | Plantain a | Chicory a | Orchardgrass b | Perennial Ryegrass c |
g kg−1 | ||||
P | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3 | 2 |
K | 25 | 36 | 27 | 16 |
Ca | 19 | 18 | 5 | 4 |
Mg | 3.5 | 4.8 | 3 | 2 |
Mn | 89 | 170 | 112 | - |
Cu | 22 | 32 | 7 | 8 |
B | 25 | 33 | 7 | 5 |
Zn | 31 | 45 | 21 | 39 |
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Jaramillo, D.M.; Sheridan, H.; Soder, K.; Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr. Enhancing the Sustainability of Temperate Pasture Systems through More Diverse Swards. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101912
Jaramillo DM, Sheridan H, Soder K, Dubeux JCB Jr. Enhancing the Sustainability of Temperate Pasture Systems through More Diverse Swards. Agronomy. 2021; 11(10):1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101912
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaramillo, David M., Helen Sheridan, Kathy Soder, and Jose C. B. Dubeux, Jr. 2021. "Enhancing the Sustainability of Temperate Pasture Systems through More Diverse Swards" Agronomy 11, no. 10: 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101912