Fruit Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profile of 24 Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Cultivars Grown in Subtropical Region of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Measurement of Fresh Fruit Weight, Length, Diameter, and Fruit Shape Index
2.3. Fruit Peel Thickness, Number of Segments, Pulp Weight, Pulp Color, Soluble Solids, and Vitamin C
2.4. Soluble Sugars Extraction through HPLC
2.5. Organic Acids Determination through UPLC
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fresh Fruit Weight, Length, Diameter, and Fruit Shape Index
3.2. Fruit Peel Thickness, Number of Segments, Pulp Weight, Pulp Color, Soluble Solids, and Vitamin C
3.3. Soluble Sugars
3.4. Organic Acids
3.5. Correlation among Organic Acid and Soluble Sugar Contents
3.6. AHC Analysis of 24 Pomelo Cultivars Based on their Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profiles
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivars | Location | Harvesting Time |
---|---|---|
Liuyuezao | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Early August |
Hongzuanmi | Pinghe, Fujian (24°17′25″ N 117°16′35″ E 400 m) | Early December |
Zhangyimi | Pinghe, Fujian (24°17′25″ N 117°16′35″ E 400 m) | Early December |
Minihong | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Early November |
Guanximi1 | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Mid October |
Hongroumi1 | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Mid October |
Hongmianmi1 | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Mid October |
Sanhongmi1 | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Mid October |
Jinjumi | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Mid October |
Huangjinmi1 | Pinghe, Fujian (24°16′57″ N 117°15′52″ E 200 m) | Mid October |
Hongmianmi2 | Yongchun, Fujian (25°20′18″ N 118°15′54″ E 200 m) | Early October |
Sanhongmi2 | Yongchun, Fujian (25°20′18″ N 118°15′54″ E 150 m) | Early October |
Guanximi2 | Pujiang, Sichuan (25°20′18″ N 118°15′54″ E 500 m) | Late October |
Hongroumi2 | Pujiang, Sichuan (25°20′18″ N 118°15′54″ E 500 m) | Late October |
Hongmianmi3 | Pujiang, Sichuan (25°20′18″ N 118°15′54″ E 500 m) | Late October |
Sanhongmi3 | Pujiang, Sichuan (25°20′18″ N 118°15′54″ E 500 m) | Mid November |
Huangjinmi2 | Pujiang, Sichuan (25°20′18″ N 118°15′54″ E 500 m) | Mid November |
Sanhongmi4 | Qingyuan, Guangdong (23°45′04″ N 113°04′02″ E 100 m) | Early November |
Wendan | Xianyou, Fujian (25°24′23″ N 118°44′06″ E 100 m) | Late October |
Siji | Fuding, Fujian (27°18′13″ N 120°19′18″ E 200 m) | Mid November |
Shuijing | Fuqing, Fujian (25°44′50″ N 119°12′00″ E 100 m) | Late November |
Wubu | Banan, Chongqing (29°20′54″ N 106°30′47″ E 250 m) | Early December |
Hangwanmi | Shanghang, Fujian (24°56′45″ N 116°31′17″ E 200 m) | Early December |
Shatian | Rong, Guangxi (22°46′45″ N 110°36′37″ E 400 m) | Mid December |
Cultivar | Fruit Weight (g) | Fruit Width (mm) | Fruit Length (mm) | Fruit Shape Index |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liuyuezao | 1243.27 eh | 14 efg | 14.87 def | 1.06 a–d |
Hongzuanmi | 1553.17 bcd | 16.63 bc | 15 b–f | 0.9 ghi |
Zhangyimi | 1608.28 bc | 16.56 bc | 16.88 bc | 1.01 a–f |
Minihong | 264.63 k | 8.6 h | 7.4 i | 0.86 ij |
Guanximi1 | 1268.9 d–g | 14.27 d–g | 14.33 e–h | 1 b–f |
Hongroumi1 | 1109.99 fi | 13.64 efg | 13.6 fgh | 0.99 b–g |
Hongmianmi1 | 961.92 hij | 12.92 g | 12.82 gh | 0.99 b–g |
Sanhongmi1 | 1442.06 cde | 16.73 bc | 16.99 b | 1.01 a–f |
Jinjumi | 1036.04 f–j | 14.52 def | 16.02 b–e | 1.1 a |
Huangjinmi1 | 899.05 ij | 14.42 def | 14.81 efg | 1.02 a–f |
Hongmianmi2 | 1105.52 fi | 13.97 efg | 15.25 b–f | 1.09 ab |
Sanhongmi2 | 1223.4 e–h | 14.55 de | 15.68 b–e | 1.07 abc |
Guanximi2 | 1852.92 ab | 17.03 b | 16.83 bcd | 0.98 c–h |
Hongroumi2 | 1730.98 abc | 18.49 a | 19.4 a | 1.05 a–e |
Hongmianmi3 | 1936.14 a | 18.7 a | 20.7 a | 1.1 a |
Sanhongmi3 | 1945.85 a | 19.56 a | 19.63 a | 1 b–f |
Huangjinmi2 | 1290.44 def | 14.36 def | 15.56 b–f | 1.08 ab |
Sanhongmi4 | 1103.97 f–i | 14.63 de | 15.53 b–f | 1.06 a–d |
Wendan | 827.66 ij | 14.86 de | 14.05 eh | 0.94 fi |
Siji | 765.09 j | 13.13 fg | 12.76 h | 0.97 d–h |
Shuijing | 1304.11 def | 16.3 bc | 14.43 e–h | 0.88 hij |
Wubu | 1496.53 cde | 16.96 bc | 13.6 fgh | 0.8 j |
Hangwanmi | 1669.23 abc | 15.6 cd | 14.93 c–f | 0.95 e–i |
Shatian | 968.11 g–j | 14.66 de | 14.9 c–f | 1.01 a–f |
LSD (p ≤ 0.05) | 301.640 | 1.392 | 2.003 | 0.099 |
Cultivar | Peel Thickness | Segments (No.) | Pulp Weight (g) | Pulp Color | Soluble Solids (Brix°) | Vitamin C (mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liuyuezao | 1.1 k | 13.88 def | 880.58 e–h | White | 10.27 h–k | 41.93 d–g |
Hongzuanmi | 1.51 g–k | 15 cde | 1154.41 a–d | Light yellow | 13.51 b | 51.86 bc |
Zhangyimi | 2.05 c–f | 13.88 def | 1078.61 b–e | Yellow | 11.03 e–j | 48.71 cde |
Minihong | 0.46 l | 11 g | 210.25 m | Red | 12.42 bcd | 36.53 fg |
Guanximi1 | 1.51 g–k | 14 def | 981.67 def | White | 10.62 f–k | 35.95 fg |
Hongroumi1 | 1.37 jk | 14.66 cde | 869.66 fgh | Red | 13.02 bc | 34.79 g |
Hongmianmi1 | 1.26 jk | 15.22 cd | 699.05 hij | White | 11.3 d–h | 41 d–g |
Sanhongmi1 | 1.42 h–k | 12 fg | 1009.34 c–f | Red | 11.73 c–g | 41.31 d–g |
Jinjumi | 1.63 f–k | 15 cde | 708.83 hij | Orange | 11.18 d–i | 47.55 cde |
Huangjinmi1 | 1.42 ijk | 15.22 cd | 628.88 ijk | Orange | 12.07 cde | 48.44 cde |
Hongmianmi2 | 2.19 b–e | 14.22 cde | 701.57 hij | White | 10.91 e–j | 46.57 cde |
Sanhongmi2 | 2.66 b | 14.44 cde | 738.22 hij | Red | 10.84 e–j | 44.2 c–g |
Guanximi2 | 1.94 c–i | 14.66 cde | 1351.66 a | White | 9.94 ijk | 42.08 d–g |
Hongroumi2 | 3.33 a | 15 cde | 1042.95 c–f | Red | 10.43 h–k | 39.39 efg |
Hongmianmi3 | 2.3 bcd | 13 efg | 1192.52 abc | White | 10.25 h–k | 48.53 cde |
Sanhongmi3 | 2.43 bc | 16.33 bc | 1257.27 ab | Red | 10.54 g–k | 47.62 cde |
Huangjinmi2 | 1.95 c–h | 14 def | 868.08 fgh | Orange | 11.18 d–i | 49.16 cd |
Sanhongmi4 | 1.76 d–j | 15.66 cd | 776.07 ghi | Red | 10.9 e–j | 45.3 c–f |
Wendan | 2.05 c–f | 15 cde | 403.55 lm | White | 11.83 c–f | 42.36 d–g |
Siji | 1.97 c–g | 14 def | 438.43 kl | White | 9.4 kl | 34.99 g |
Shuijing | 1.74 e–j | 13 efg | 878.48 e–h | White | 8.59 l | 37.12 fg |
Wubu | 1.99 c–g | 18.66 a | 957.86 d–g | White | 9.82 jkl | 60.89 b |
Hangwanmi | 2.3 bc | 18 ab | 995.75 c–f | White | 11.76 c–g | 48.56 cde |
Shatian | 1.73 e–j | 11.66 g | 559.54 jkl | White | 15.14 a | 84.58 a |
LSD (p ≤ 0.05) | 0.538 | 2.189 | 203.69 | 1.285 | 9.441 |
Cultivar | Fructose (mg/g) | Glucose (mg/g) | Sucrose (mg/g) | Total sugars (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liuyuezao | 20.68 bc | 21 b | 21.16 k | 62.84 mn |
Hongzuanmi | 21.62 b | 21.19 b | 38.91 b–e | 81.72 c |
Zhangyimi | 17.08 jk | 16.86 ij | 34.92 fgh | 68.87 i–l |
Minihong | 24.24 a | 24.22 a | 19.9 k | 68.37 jkl |
Guanximi1 | 18.16 g–j | 17.9 f–i | 39.49 bcd | 75.57 efg |
Hongroumi1 | 19.88 cde | 19.3 cde | 55.28 a | 94.47 a |
Hongmianmi1 | 20.44 bcd | 20.17 bc | 40.48 bc | 81.1 cd |
Sanhongmi1 | 18.71 e–i | 18.33 d–h | 40.91 b | 77.96 cde |
Jinjumi | 18.56 f–i | 18.39 d–h | 35.95 efg | 72.91 ghi |
Huangjinmi1 | 19.6 c–f | 19.39 cde | 37.26 def | 76.26efg |
Hongmianmi2 | 17.8 ij | 17.65 ghi | 29.19 j | 64.66 lmn |
Sanhongmi2 | 17.99 hij | 17.2 hij | 37.85 b–f | 73.06 f–i |
Guanximi2 | 18.53 f–i | 18.13 e–i | 29.95 j | 66.62 klm |
Hongroumi2 | 18.49 f–i | 18.28 d–h | 38.01 b–f | 74.79 e–h |
Hongmianmi3 | 19.11 e–h | 18.65 d–g | 31.35 ij | 69.12 ijk |
Sanhongmi3 | 18.43 f–i | 18.14 e–i | 31.87 hij | 68.45 jkl |
Huangjinmi2 | 19.02 e–i | 18.59 d–g | 33.51 ghi | 71.13 hij |
Sanhongmi4 | 19.3 d–g | 18.76 d–g | 37.6 c–f | 75.67 efg |
Wendan | 18.16 g–j | 18.04 e–i | 40.31 bcd | 76.51 efg |
Siji | 18.59 f–i | 18.49 d–h | 29.81 j | 66.9 j–m |
Shuijing | 16.25 k | 16.17 j | 28.96 j | 61.39 n |
Wubu | 19.33 d–g | 19.26 c–f | 38.75 b–e | 77.35 def |
Hangwanmi | 19.23 d–h | 19.61 cd | 37.21 def | 76.05 efg |
Shatian | 17.85 ij | 17.73 ghi | 54.04 a | 89.62 b |
LSD (p ≤ 0.05) | 1.249 | 1.365 | 3.117 | 4.292 |
Cultivar | Pyruvate (mg/g) | Fumaric Acid (mg/g) | Succinic Acid (mg/g) | Tartaric Acid (mg/g) | Quinic Acid (mg/g) | Citric Acid (mg/g) | Malic Acid (mg/g) | Cis-Aconitic Acid (mg/g) | Total Acids (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liuyuezao | 1.12 cde | 0.04 de | 0.03 b–e | 0.02 bcd | 0.14 a | 9.08 bc | 1.41 a | 0.13 ab | 12 b |
Hongzuanmi | 1.76 a | 0.02 e | 0.02 c–f | 0.02 cd | 0.01 efg | 11.65 a | 1.29 ab | 0.03 gh | 14.83 a |
Zhangyimi | 1.23 bcd | 0.03 de | 0.02 b–f | 0.02 bcd | 0.05 cd | 7.91 cde | 1.02 bc | 0.03 gh | 10.36 cd |
Minihong | 1.84 a | 0.04 de | 0.02 c–f | 0.02 cd | 0.05 cd | 11.85 a | 0.51 e–i | 0.16 a | 14.52 a |
Guanximi1 | 0.74 g–j | 0.15 cde | 0.01 c–f | 0.01 d | 0.01 efg | 6.57 efg | 0.3 hi | 0.07 cde | 7.89 ghi |
Hongroumi1 | 1.35 bc | 0.04 de | 0 f | 0.01 d | 0.06 c | 6.59 d–g | 0.37 f–i | 0.09 cd | 8.55 fgh |
Hongmianmi1 | 1.45 b | 0.03 de | 0.02 c–f | 0.02 cd | 0.03 d–g | 6.76 d–g | 0.29 i | 0.1 bc | 8.72 e–h |
Sanhongmi1 | 0.61 i–l | 0.15 cde | 0.01 c–f | 0.01 d | 0.02 efg | 5.72 fgh | 0.33 ghi | 0.06 d–g | 6.95 ijk |
Jinjumi | 0.74 g–j | 0.18 bcd | 0.04 ab | 0.04 bc | 0.06 cd | 6.41 fg | 0.48 f–i | 0.08 cde | 8.06 ghi |
Huangjinmi1 | 0.67 h–l | 0.19 bcd | 0.05 a | 0.04 b | 0.06 cd | 5.94 fgh | 0.53 d–i | 0.07 c–f | 7.59 hij |
Hongmianmi2 | 0.9 e–h | 0.15 cde | 0.02 b–f | 0.02 cd | 0.04 cde | 7.79 cde | 0.3 hi | 0.07 c–g | 9.32 d–g |
Sanhongmi2 | 0.64 i–l | 0.17 b–e | 0.03 abc | 0.02 bcd | 0.05 cd | 5.57 f–i | 0.72 c–f | 0.06 d–g | 7.32 h–k |
Guanximi2 | 1.01 def | 0.03 de | 0.02 b–f | 0.01 d | 0.02 efg | 6.43 fg | 0.46 f–i | 0.13 b | 8.15 ghi |
Hongroumi2 | 0.96 efg | 0.15 b–e | 0.02 b–f | 0.1 a | 0.03 c–g | 8.22 c | 0.51 e–i | 0.02 h | 10.06 c–f |
Hongmianmi3 | 0.72 h–k | 0.14 cde | 0.02 c–f | 0.01 d | 0.01 g | 6.79 def | 0.18 i | 0.03 gh | 7.93 ghi |
Sanhongmi3 | 1 ef | 0.15 b–e | 0.02 b–f | 0.01 d | 0.01 efg | 8.65 bc | 0.23 i | 0.05 e–h | 10.16 cde |
Huangjinmi2 | 0.89 e–h | 0.03 de | 0.02 c–f | 0.01 d | 0.04 c–f | 9.67 b | 0.67 c–h | 0.02 h | 11.38 bc |
Sanhongmi4 | 0.48 l | 0.25 bc | 0.01 def | 0.01 d | 0 g | 4.31 ij | 0.88 cde | 0.02 h | 5.99 kl |
Wendan | 1.01 def | 0.15 cde | 0.01 ef | 0.01 d | 0.05 cd | 8.84 bc | 0.89 cd | 0.02 h | 11.01 bc |
Siji | 0.52 jkl | 0.17 b–e | 0.02 b–f | 0.02 cd | 0.1 b | 4.87 hi | 0.41 f–i | 0.03 gh | 6.17 jk |
Shuijing | 0.5 kl | 0.05 de | 0.03 abc | 0.02 d | 0.01 efg | 3.01 j | 0.95 bc | 0.01 h | 4.62 l |
Wubu | 1.28 bc | 0.04 de | 0.03 abc | 0.02 cd | 0.02 efg | 7.93 cd | 0.69 c–g | 0.04 fgh | 10.08 c–f |
Hangwanmi | 1.77 a | 0.45 a | 0.03 bcd | 0.02 cd | 0.05 cd | 11.08 a | 1.42 a | 0.03 gh | 14.89 a |
Shatian | 0.83 f–i | 0.31 ab | 0.04 ab | 0.02 cd | 0.01 fg | 5.43 ghi | 0.94 bc | 0.09 cd | 7.7 hij |
LSD (p ≤ 0.05) | 0.234 | 0.155 | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.031 | 1.348 | 0.373 | 0.035 | 1.551 |
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Pan, T.; Ali, M.M.; Gong, J.; She, W.; Pan, D.; Guo, Z.; Yu, Y.; Chen, F. Fruit Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profile of 24 Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Cultivars Grown in Subtropical Region of China. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122393
Pan T, Ali MM, Gong J, She W, Pan D, Guo Z, Yu Y, Chen F. Fruit Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profile of 24 Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Cultivars Grown in Subtropical Region of China. Agronomy. 2021; 11(12):2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122393
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Tengfei, Muhammad Moaaz Ali, Jiangmei Gong, Wenqin She, Dongming Pan, Zhixiong Guo, Yuan Yu, and Faxing Chen. 2021. "Fruit Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profile of 24 Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Cultivars Grown in Subtropical Region of China" Agronomy 11, no. 12: 2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122393