Protein Hydrolysates Supplement in the Nutrient Solution of Soilless Grown Fresh Peppermint and Spearmint as a Tool for Improving Product Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Growth
2.2. Nutritional Composition Analysis
2.3. Essential Oil
2.4. Polyphenolic Compounds
2.5. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. EC and pH of the Nutrient Solution
3.2. Plant Growth
3.3. Nutritional Composition
3.4. Essential Oil Composition
3.5. Polyphenolic Composition
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peppermint | Spearmint | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amino Acids Concentration | Amino Acids Concentration | |||||||||||||
0% | 0.25% | 0.50% | p | 0% | 0.25% | 0.50% | p | |||||||
Fresh weight (g) | 10.2 a | 8.52 | 7.53 | ns b | 8.05 | 8.37 | 6.23 | ns | ||||||
Plant height (cm) | 22.83 | a c | 19.46 | b | 18.97 | b | * | 24.06 | a | 24.82 | a | 21.21 | b | * |
Root length (cm) | 12.97 | a | 4.48 | b | 0.74 | c | *** | 11.48 | a | 3.98 | b | 0.94 | c | *** |
Dry matter (%) | 14.2 | 14.7 | 15.5 | ns | 17.2 | 18.8 | 19.3 | ns | ||||||
Total soluble solids (%) | 9.5 | 10.0 | 10.5 | ns | 9.5 | 10.7 | 10.3 | ns | ||||||
Nitrates (mg/kg f.w.) | 828.5 | a | 647.4 | a | 298.7 | b | *** | 797.3 | a | 525.8 | b | 179.8 | c | *** |
Total antixidant capacity (mg AEAC/100 g f.w.) | 110.3 | 95.6 | 134.6 | ns | 65.0 | b | 71.3 | b | 172.4 | a | ** | |||
Total soluble phenols (mg GAE/kg f.w.) | 0.467 | 0.340 | 0.560 | ns | 0.367 | b | 0.407 | b | 0.760 | a | * | |||
Total chlorophyll (μg/g f.w.) | 1138.4 | b | 1327.0 | a | 1248.5 | ab | * | 1173.4 | b | 1379.8 | a | 1316.7 | a | * |
Total carotenoids (μg/g f.w.) | 200.4 | 231.4 | 225.6 | ns | 204.7 | b | 247.9 | a | 246.5 | a | * | |||
Essential oil (ml/100 g f.w.) | 0.34 | b | 0.35 | b | 0.43 | a | * | 0.19 | b | 0.20 | b | 0.24 | a | * |
Peppermint | Spearmint | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amino Acids Concentration | Amino Acids Concentration | ||||||||||||
No. | Compounds | RI a | 0% | 0.25% | 0.50% | p | 0% | 0.25% | 0.50% | p | |||
1 | α-thujene | 929 | 0.03 b | 0.03 | 0.03 | ns c | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ns | |||
2 | α-pinene | 935 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.60 | ns | 1.23 | 1.22 | 1.27 | ns | |||
3 | camphene | 950 | - | - | - | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ns | ||||
4 | sabinene | 974 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.43 | ns | 1.66 | 1.69 | 1.77 | ns | |||
5 | β-pinene | 977 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.90 | ns | 2.52 | 2.49 | 2.65 | ns | |||
6 | 1-octen-3-ol | 982 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
7 | myrcene | 992 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 | ns | 4.65 | 4.65 | 4.61 | ns | |||
8 | 3-octanol | 996 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | ns | 0.72 | b d | 0.76 | b | 0.86 | a | ** |
9 | pseudolimonene | 1004 | - | - | - | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.11 | ns | ||||
10 | α-terpinene | 1016 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.23 | ns | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ns | |||
11 | o-cymene | 1025 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
12 | limonene | 1029 | 2.22 | 2.29 | 2.36 | ns | 17.57 | 16.48 | 16.80 | ns | |||
13 | 1,8-cineole | 1032 | 4.14 | 3.95 | 4.26 | ns | 16.44 | 17.48 | 17.41 | ns | |||
14 | cis-β-ocimene | 1040 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.12 | ns | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.64 | ns | |||
15 | trans-β-ocimene | 1051 | - | - | - | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | ns | ||||
16 | γ-terpinene | 1060 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.42 | ns | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | ns | |||
17 | cis-sabinene hydrate | 1068 | 0.37 | 0.60 | 0.51 | ns | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ns | |||
18 | terpinolene | 1087 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.11 | ns | 0.09 | a | 0.08 | b | 0.08 | b | * |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons (%) | 10.00 | 10.04 | 10.33 | 45.88 | 45.79 | 46.47 | |||||||
19 | linalool | 1100 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | ns | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | ns | |||
20 | trans-pinocarveol | 1139 | - | - | - | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.17 | ns | ||||
21 | menthone | 1158 | 55.44 | 55.50 | 55.84 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
22 | menthofuran | 1164 | 6.49 | 7.11 | 5.43 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
23 | isomenthone | 1166 | 6.25 | 6.01 | 6.76 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
24 | neomenthol | 1167 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
25 | δ-terpineol | 1167 | - | - | - | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.52 | ns | ||||
26 | menthol | 1176 | 15.16 | 14.68 | 14.79 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
27 | terpinen-4-ol | 1177 | 1.27 | 1.09 | 1.20 | ns | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.13 | ns | |||
28 | neoisomenthol | 1182 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
29 | α-terpineol | 1189 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.14 | ns | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.94 | ns | |||
30 | dihydrocarveol | 1193 | - | - | - | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.15 | ns | ||||
31 | trans-dihydrocarvone | 1194 | - | - | - | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.16 | ns | ||||
32 | trans-carveol | 1219 | - | - | - | 1.08 | 0.76 | 1.16 | ns | ||||
33 | pulegone | 1238 | 1.76 | 1.80 | 1.70 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
34 | carvone | 1247 | - | - | - | 40.64 | 41.86 | 39.87 | ns | ||||
35 | piperitone | 1253 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.54 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
36 | dihydroedulan II | 1284 | - | - | - | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.16 | ns | ||||
37 | menthyl acetate | 1294 | 0.42 | 0.55 | 0.55 | ns | - | - | - | ||||
Oxygenated monoterpenes (%) | 87.71 | 87.64 | 87.25 | 43.83 | 44.61 | 43.37 | |||||||
38 | α-copaene | 1376 | - | - | - | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ns | ||||
39 | β-bourbonene | 1383 | - | - | - | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.52 | ns | ||||
40 | β-elemene | 1391 | - | - | - | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.18 | ns | ||||
41 | β-caryophyllene | 1415 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.67 | ns | 3.82 | 3.65 | 3.92 | ns | |||
42 | α-humulene | 1451 | - | - | - | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.18 | ns | ||||
43 | cis-β-farnesene | 1461 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | ns | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.10 | ns | |||
44 | germacrene-D | 1479 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.09 | ns | 4.35 | 4.02 | 3.86 | ns | |||
45 | bicyclogermacrene | 1492 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | ns | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.31 | ns | |||
46 | δ-cadinene | 1525 | - | - | - | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | ns | ||||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (%) | 1.82 | 1.86 | 1.97 | 9.61 | 8.99 | 9.16 | |||||||
47 | caryophyllene oxide | 1584 | - | - | - | 0.04 | a | 0.01 | b | 0.03 | ab | * | |
48 | viridiflorol | 1591 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.26 | ns | - | - | |||||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (%) | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||||||
49 | 13-epi-manool oxide | 2012 | - | - | - | 0.12 | b | 0.12 | b | 0.20 | a | * | |
Oxygenated diterpenes (%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.20 | |||||||
Total (%) | 99.79 | 99.78 | 99.81 | 99.48 | 99.52 | 99.24 |
Peppermint | Spearmint | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amino Acids Concentration | Amino Acids Concentration | ||||||||||||||
No. | Compounds (mg/100 g d.w.) | 0% | 0.25% | 0.50% | p | 0% | 0.25% | 0.50% | p | ||||||
1 | Vanillic acid | 0.34 a | 0.46 | 0.38 | ns b | 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.82 | ns | ||||||
2 | 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 0.68 | 0.32 | 0.40 | ns | 0.77 | a c | 0.49 | b | 0.82 | a | * | |||
3 | Syringaldehyde | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | ns | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ns | ||||||
4 | Daphetin | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.10 | ns | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.17 | ns | ||||||
5 | Caffeic acid | 11.79 | 10.28 | 10.41 | ns | 13.23 | 13.81 | 14.25 | ns | ||||||
6 | Ferulic acid | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.25 | ns | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.30 | ns | ||||||
7 | Caftaric acid | 19.35 | 29.05 | 25.14 | ns | 13.73 | 12.58 | 16.45 | ns | ||||||
8 | Neochlorogenic acid | 5.24 | 7.57 | 7.41 | ns | 3.06 | 3.31 | 3.50 | ns | ||||||
9 | Chlorogenic acid | 4.62 | 5.89 | 4.89 | ns | 4.47 | 4.44 | 5.23 | ns | ||||||
10 | Rosmarinic acid | 287.81 | 402.33 | 253.35 | ns | 417.62 | 400.47 | 437.49 | ns | ||||||
11 | Sinapyl alcohol | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.75 | ns | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.58 | ns | ||||||
12 | Fertaric acid | 1.80 | 1.87 | 1.82 | ns | 2.60 | 2.72 | 2.23 | ns | ||||||
13 | t-coutaric | 0.76 | b | 1.77 | a | 1.54 | a | * | 1.14 | 1.04 | 1.05 | ns | |||
14 | Apigenin | 1.57 | 1.31 | 1.34 | ns | 0.55 | 0.98 | 0.81 | ns | ||||||
15 | Luteolin | 7.50 | 6.25 | 5.77 | ns | 1.85 | 2.61 | 2.72 | ns | ||||||
16 | Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.81 | ns | 1.18 | 1.63 | 1.43 | ns | ||||||
17 | Hesperidin | 128.98 | 146.85 | 134.46 | ns | 88.72 | 86.73 | 104.79 | ns | ||||||
18 | Apigenin-7-glucoside | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.13 | ns | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.55 | ns | ||||||
19 | Naringenin | 1.90 | 1.93 | 2.00 | ns | 1.08 | 1.30 | 1.48 | ns | ||||||
20 | Kaempferol-3-glucoside | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ns | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ns | ||||||
21 | Arbutin | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.10 | ns | 0.13 | a | 0.08 | b | 0.08 | b | * | |||
22 | Syringic acid | 0.76 | 0.49 | 0.49 | ns | 0.47 | 0.63 | 0.67 | ns | ||||||
23 | Cryptochlorogenic acid | 16.22 | 21.03 | 16.94 | ns | 15.40 | 16.69 | 19.78 | ns | ||||||
24 | Quercetin-3-glucoside | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.29 | ns | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.39 | ns | ||||||
25 | Quercetin-4-O-glucoside | 40.03 | 45.07 | 40.84 | ns | 26.43 | 25.90 | 31.15 | ns | ||||||
26 | Rutin | 1.09 | 1.31 | 1.24 | ns | 2.47 | 1.09 | 2.15 | ns |
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Aktsoglou, D.-C.; Kasampalis, D.S.; Sarrou, E.; Tsouvaltzis, P.; Chatzopoulou, P.; Martens, S.; Siomos, A.S. Protein Hydrolysates Supplement in the Nutrient Solution of Soilless Grown Fresh Peppermint and Spearmint as a Tool for Improving Product Quality. Agronomy 2021, 11, 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020317
Aktsoglou D-C, Kasampalis DS, Sarrou E, Tsouvaltzis P, Chatzopoulou P, Martens S, Siomos AS. Protein Hydrolysates Supplement in the Nutrient Solution of Soilless Grown Fresh Peppermint and Spearmint as a Tool for Improving Product Quality. Agronomy. 2021; 11(2):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020317
Chicago/Turabian StyleAktsoglou, Danai-Christina, Dimitrios S. Kasampalis, Eirini Sarrou, Pavlos Tsouvaltzis, Paschalina Chatzopoulou, Stefan Martens, and Anastasios S. Siomos. 2021. "Protein Hydrolysates Supplement in the Nutrient Solution of Soilless Grown Fresh Peppermint and Spearmint as a Tool for Improving Product Quality" Agronomy 11, no. 2: 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020317